Getting married. The consequences of exclusion from a basic human right

Journal title RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA
Author/s Vittorio Lingiardi, Nicola Carone
Publishing Year 2014 Issue 2014/2 Language Italian
Pages 28 P. 85-112 File size 1660 KB
DOI 10.3280/RSF2014-002007
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

Below, you can see the article first page

If you want to buy this article in PDF format, you can do it, following the instructions to buy download credits

Article preview

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

Homosexual relationships have always existed. However, the concepts of equal rights, responsibilities, opportunities, citizenship, social norms and legal regulation have not, in the past, been applied to the lives of homosexual people. Nowadays, these notions are put into practice and have strongly impacted lesbian and gay identities and the physiognomy of their relationships. Marriage is a basic social institution that generates a self-defining criterion: from woman to wife and from man to husband. This condition allows people to add a public recognition to the strength of a private bond. Marriage, as a rite, offers the possibility to say "yes" or "no". The countries, with legalised homosexual marriage, have spawned a cultural change in both the concepts of family and homosexuality. These developments are not always appreciated; some fear these changes and others look upon them with prejudice. The exclusion from marriage represents a factual delegitimisation of lesbian and gay citizens, considered as well, socially and emotionally not fit to foster a family. Hence, lesbian and gay people are confined to a grey area, font of social contempt, discrimination and critique, that can also breed self-contempt, self-discrimination and self-criticism. This form of exclusion is consequently a potent inducer of minority stress. Moreover, many studies underline the positive impact of marriage on physical and mental health. Marriage increases longevity, enhances the personal resilience of people who do not belong to the heterosexual majority, fosters a firm sense of mutual commitment and a feeling of security. Furthermore, it decreases the perception of risk, of discrimination and prejudice. What has been happening the last forty years? Why do the people - that were blamed for wanting to "infringe the model in which are combined the differences between sexes and the differences between generations" - now not only want to be recognized as full-fledged citizens, but also want to adopt the ‘family institution’ that contributed greatly to their delegitimisation?

Keywords: Marriage, homosexuality, homosexual parents, rights, minority stress, mental health.

  1. [98] Ehrensaft D. Mommies, Daddies, Donors, Surrogates. Answering Though Questions and Building Strong Families. New York: Guilford Press; 2005.
  2. [1] Lingiardi V. Citizen gay. Affetti e diritti. Edizione aggiornata con la collaborazione di Nicola Nardelli. Milano: Il Saggiatore; 2007/2012.
  3. [2] Lingiardi V. La famiglia inconcepibile. Infanzia e adolescenza 2013a; 12(2): 74-85. DOI: 10.1710/1328.14689
  4. [3] Lingiardi V. Questo matrimonio non s’ha da fare. Iride 2013b; XXVI, 68(1): 27-46. DOI: 10.1414/73106
  5. [4] Lingiardi V, Carone N. Ai piedi dell’arcobaleno. Famiglie omogenitoriali e minority stress. In: Scarano MT, Torrioni P, ed. Il lavoro sociale con genitori omosessuali. Milano-Udine: Mimesis; in press.
  6. [5] Lingiardi V, Vassallo N. Diritti e umanità: Martha C. Nussbaum di fronte alle omosessualità. Ragion Pratica 2012; 2: 399-420. DOI: 10.1415/38540
  7. [6] Rigliano P, Ciliberto J, Ferrari F. Curare i gay? Oltre l’ideologia riparativa dell’omosessualità. Milano: Raffaello Cortina; 2012.
  8. [7] Sedgwick EK. Epistemology of the Closet. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1990.
  9. [8] Chauncey G. Why Marriage? The History Shaping Today’s Debate Over Gay Equality. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books; 2004.
  10. [9] Baunach DM. Changing Same-Sex Marriage Attitudes in America From 1988 Through 2010. Public Opinion Quarterly 2012; 76(2): 364-378. DOI: 10.1093/poq/nfs022
  11. [10] Becker AB. What’s Marriage (and Family) Got to Do with It? Support for Same Sex Marriage, Legal Unions, and Gay and Lesbian Couples Raising Children. Social Science Quarterly 2012; 93(4): 1007-1029. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2012.00844.x
  12. [11] Curry-Sumner I. Same-Sex Relationships in Europe: Trends Towards Tolerance? Amsterdam Law Forum 2011; 3(2): 43-61.
  13. [12] Hooghe M, Meeusen C. Is Same-Sex Marriage Legislation Related to Attitudes Toward Homosexuality? Sexual Research and Social Policy 2013; 10: 258-268. DOI: 10.1007/s13178-013-0125-6
  14. [13] Sullivan A, ed. Same-Sex Marriage: Pro and Con. A Reader. New York: Vintage Books; 1997.
  15. [14] Agacinski S. Due genitori dello stesso sesso? No grazie. Vita e Pensiero 2008; 2.
  16. [15] Nussbaum MC. From Disgust to Umanity. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press; 2010.
  17. [16] Hackl AM, Boyer CR, Galupo Mp. From “Gay Marriage Contorversy” (2004) to “Endorsement of Same-Sex Marriage” (2012): Framing Bisexuality in the Marriage Equality Discourse. Sexuality, Culture 2013; 17:512-524. DOI: 10.1007/s12119-012-9159-9
  18. [17] Stacey J. Unhitched. Love, Marriage, and Family Values From West Hollywood to Western China. New York: New York University Press; 2011.
  19. [18] Escobar R. La paura del laico. Bologna: Il Mulino; 2010.
  20. [19] Mieli M. Elementi di critica omosessuale. Torino: Einaudi; 1977.
  21. [20] Lingiardi V, Nardelli N, Tripodi E. The attitudes of Italian psychologists towards homosexuality and lesbian and gay clients: theoretical, clinical, and social implications. In: Diamond G, moderator. Sexual orientation, psychological well-being and psychotherapy. Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research 45th International Annual Meeting Copenhagen, Denmark; 2014, June.
  22. [21] Wittgenstein L. Philosophical Investigations. Oxford, UK: Blackwell’s. 1953.
  23. [22] Lingiardi V, Vassallo N. Classificazioni sospette. In: Nussbaum MC, ed. Disgusto e umanità. L’orientamento sessuale di fronte alla legge. Milano: Il Saggiatore; 2011, p. 7-58.
  24. [23] Saraceno C. Coppie e famiglie. Non è questione di natura. Milano: Feltrinelli; 2012.
  25. [24] De Zulueta F. From Pain to Violence. The Traumatic Roots of Destructiveness. London: Whurr Publishers Ltd; 1994.
  26. [25] Nussbaum MC. Hiding From Humanity: Shame, Disgust, and the Law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 2004.
  27. [26] Freud S. A case of homosexuality in a woman. In: Strachey J, ed. The Standard Edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, vol. XVIII. London: Hogarth Press; 1920, p. 147-172.
  28. [27] Burgio G. Mezzi maschi. Gli adolescenti gay dell’Italia meridionale. Una ricerca etnopedagogica. Milano-Udine: Mimesis; 2008.
  29. [28] Hatzenbuehler ML, Keyes KM, Hasin DS. State-Level Policies and Psychiatric Morbidity in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations. American Journal of Public Health 2009; 99(12): 2275-2281. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2008.153510
  30. [29] Hatzenbuehler ML, McLaughlin KA, Keyes KM, Hasin DS. The Impact of Institutional Discrimination on Psychiatric Disorders in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Populations: A Prospective Study. American Journal of Public Health 2010; 100(3): 452-459. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.168815
  31. [30] Hatzenbuehler ML, Phelan JC, Link BG. Stigma as a Fundamental Cause of Population Health Inequalities. American Journal of Public Health 2013; 103(5): 813-821. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069
  32. [31] Hatzenbuehler ML, Bellatorre A, Lee Y, Finch BK, Muennig P, Fiscella K. Structural Stigma and All-Cause Mortality in Sexual Minority Populations. Social Science, Medicine 2014; 103(C): 33-41. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.005
  33. [32] Gonzales G. Same-Sex Marriage – A Prescription for Better Health. The New England Journal of Medicine 2014; 370(15): 1373-1376.
  34. [33] King M, Bartlett A. What Same-Sex Civil Partnerships May Mean For Health. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2006; 60(3): 188-191. DOI: 10.1136/jech.2005.040410
  35. [34] Riggle EDB, Rostosky SS, Horne SG. Psychological Distress, Well-Being, and Legal Recognition in Same-Sex Couple Relationships. Journal of Family Psychology 2010; 24: 82-86. DOI: 10.1037/a0017942
  36. [35] Wight RG, Leblanc AJ, Lee Badgett MV. Same-Sex Legal Marriage and Psychological Well-Being: Findings From the California Health Interview Survey. American Journal of Publich Health 2013; 103(2): 339-346. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301113
  37. [36] Johnson DR, Wu J. An Empirical Test of Crisis, Social Selection, and Role Explanations of the Relationship Between Marital Disruption and Psychological Distress: A Pooled Time-Series Analysis of Four-Wave Panel Data. Journal of Marriage and Family 2002; 64: 211–224. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00211.x
  38. [37] Institute of Medicine. The Health of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People: Building a Foundation for Better Understanding. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2011.
  39. [38] Rothblum ED, Balsam KF, Solomon SE. The Longest “Legal” U.S. Same-Sex Couples Reflect on Their Relationships. Journal of Social Issues 2011; 67: 302 315. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01699.x
  40. [39] Hatzenbuehler ML, O’Cleirigh C, Grasso C, Mayer K, Safren S, Bradford J. Effect of Same-Sex Marriage Laws on Health Care Use and Expenditures in Sexual Minority Men: A Quasi-Natural Experiment. American Journal of Public Health 2012; 102(2): 285-291. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300382
  41. [40] Gonzales G, Blewett LA. National and State-Specific Health Insurance Disparities for Adults in Same-Sex Relationships. American Journal of Public Health 2014; 104(2): e95-e104. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301577
  42. [41] Pawelski JG, Perrin EC, Foy JM, Allen CE, Crawford JE, Del Monte M, Kaufman M, Klein JD, Smith K, Springer S, Tanner JL, Vickers DL. The Effects of Marriage, Civil Union, and Domestic Partnership Laws on the Health and Well-Being of Children. Pediatrics 2006; 118(1): 349-364. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2006-1279
  43. [42] Waite LJ, Gallagher M. The Case for Marriage: Why Married People Are Happier, Healthier, and Better Off Financially. New York: Doubleday; 2000.
  44. [43] Dinno A, Whitney C. Same Sex Marriage and the Perceived Assault on Opposite Sex Marriage. PLoS ONE 2013; 8(6): 1-8. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065730
  45. [44] Mulkern AC. Senators debate measure to ban same-sex marriage Republicans want to force a vote on the issue. “It’s clearly for show,” an expert on Congress says. The Denver Post 2004, July 11: A-22.
  46. [45] Associated Press. GOP contenders blast gay marriage. Associated Press 2012, January 8.
  47. [46] Brantley M. Mike Huckabee links same-sex marriage to straights’ divorce. Arkansas Times 2011, February 23.
  48. [47] Mero P. Traditional marriage is in society’s best interest. The Salt Lake Tribune 2008, November 2.
  49. [48] Turnbull L. National group vows to defeat GOP lawmakers who support gay marriage. The Seattle Times 2012, January 18.
  50. [49] Wildermuth J. Harsh, emotional campaigning on prop. 8; the controversial measure would ban same-sex marriage. San Francisco Chronicle 2008, November 1.
  51. [50] Confessore N. Conservative party’s immovable obstacle to same-sex marriage. The New York Times 2011, May 19.
  52. [51] Frank N. Joining the debate but missing the point. The New York Times 2004, February 9.
  53. [52] Kurtz S. The End of Marriage in Scandinavia. Weekly Standard 2004a, Feb. 2; 9(20).
  54. [53] Kurtz S. Going Dutch: Lessons of the Same-Sex Marriage Debate in the Netherlands. Weekly Standard 2004b, May 31; 9(36).
  55. [54] Kurtz S. Unhealthy Half Truths: Scandinavian Marriage is Dying. National Review Online 2004c, May 25.
  56. [55] Kurtz S. No Explanation: Gay Marriage Has Sent the Netherlands the Way of Scandinavia. National Review Online 2004d, June 3.
  57. [56] Lee Badgett MV. When Gay People Get Married: What Happens When Societies Legalize Same-Sex Marriage. New York: New York University Press, 2010.
  58. [57] Biblarz TJ, Stacey J. How Does the Gender of Parents Matter? Journal of Marriage and Family 2010; 72: 3-22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00678.x
  59. [58] Bos HMW, van Balen F, van den Boom DC. Experience of parenthood, couple relationship, social support, and child-rearing goals in planned lesbian mother families. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 2004; 45: 755-764. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00269.x
  60. [59] Dunne GA. What difference does ‘difference’ make? Lesbian experience of work and family life. In: Seymour J, Bagguley P, ed. Relating intimacies. New York: St. Martin’s; 1997, p. 189-221.
  61. [60] Johnson S, O’Connor E. The gay baby boom: The psychology of gay parenthood. New York: New York University Press; 2002.
  62. [61] Peplau LA, Spalding LR. The close relationships of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. In: Hendrick C, Hendrick SS, ed. Close relationships: A sourcebook. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2000, p. 111-123.
  63. [62] Blumstein P, Schwartz P. American Couples: Money, Work, Sex, New York: William Morrow and Company; 1983.
  64. [63] Solomon SE, Rothblum ED, Balsam KF. Money, housework, sex, and conflict: Same-sex couples in civil unions, those not in civil unions, and heterosexual married siblings. Sex Roles 2005; 52: 561-575. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-005-3725-7
  65. [64] Bos HMW, van Balen F, van den Boom DC. Child adjustment and parenting in planned lesbian parent families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2007; 77(1): 38-48. DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.77.1.38
  66. [65] Brewaeys A, Ponjaert I, Van Hall EV, Golombok S. Donor insemination: Child development and family functioning in lesbian mother families. Human Reproduction 1997; 12(6): 1349-1359. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/12.6.1349
  67. [66] Chan RW, Brooks RC, Raboy B, Patterson C. Division of labor among lesbian and heterosexual parents: Associations with children’s adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology 1998; 12: 402-419. DOI: 10.1037/0893-3200.12.3.402
  68. [67] Ciano-Boyce C, Shelley-Sireci L. Who is mommy tonight? Lesbian parenting issues. Journal of Homosexuality 2002; 43(2): 1-13. DOI: 10.1300/J082v43n02_01
  69. [68] Fulcher M, Sutfin EL, Patterson CJ. Individual differences in gender development: Associations with parental sexual orientation, attitudes, and division of labor. Sex Roles 2008; 58: 330-341. DOI: 10.1007/s11199-007-9348-4
  70. [69] Patterson CJ, Sutfin EL, Fulcher M. Division of labor among lesbian and heterosexual parenting couples: Correlates of specialized versus shared patterns. Journal of Adult Development 2004, 11(3): 179-189.
  71. [70] Vanfraussen K, Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I, Brewaeys A. Family functioning in lesbian families created by donor insemination. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2003; 73(1): 78-90. DOI: 10.1037/0002-9432.73.1.78
  72. [71] Giddens A. The Transformation of Intimacy. Sexuality, Love, and Eroticism in Modern Societies. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press; 1992.
  73. [72] Lalli C. Buoni genitori. Milano: Il Saggiatore; 2009.
  74. [73] Amato PR. The Well-Being of Children with Gay and Lesbian Parents. Social Science Research 2012; 41: 771-774. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.04.007
  75. [74] American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Policy Statement: Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Parents; 2006. Disponibile all’indirizzo: www.aacap.org/publications/policy/ps46.htm. Consultato il 10 Aprile 2014.
  76. [75] American Psychological Association. Lesbian, Gay Parenting. Washington, DC: Author; 2005. Disponibile all’indirizzo: www.apa.org/pi/parent.html. Consultato il 10 Aprile 2014.
  77. [76] Eggebeen, DJ. What Can We Learn from Studies of Children Raised by Gay or Lesbian Parents? Social Science Research 2012; 41(4): 775-778. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.04.008
  78. [77] Erich S, Kanenberg H, Case K, Allen T, Bogdanos T. An Empirical Analysis of Factors Affecting Adolescent Attachment in Adoptive Families with Homosexual and Straight Parents. Children and Youth Services Review 2009; 31(3): 398-404. DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.09.004
  79. [78] Farr R, Forssell S, Patterson C. Parenting and Child Development in Adoptive Families: Does Parental Sexual Orientation Matter? Applied Developmental Science 2010; 14(3): 164-178. DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2010.500958
  80. [79] Gartrell N, Bos H. US National Longitudinal Lesbian Family Study: Psychological Adjustment of 17-Year-Old Adolescents. Pediatrics 2010; 126(1): 28-36. DOI: 10.1542/peds.2009-3153
  81. [80] Goldberg AE. Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children: Research on the Family Life Cycle. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2010.
  82. [81] Lamb ME. Mothers, Fathers, Families, and Circumstances: Factors Affecting Children’s Adjustment. Applied Developmental Science 2012; 16(2): 98-111. DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2012.667344
  83. [82] Mellish L, Jennings S, Tasker F, Lamb M, Golombok S, ed. Gay, Lesbian and Heterosexual Adoptive Families Family Relationships, Child Adjustment and Adopters’ Experiences; 2013. Disponibile all’indirizzo: http://www.cfr.cam.ac.uk/about/CFRAnnualReport20122013.pdf. Consultato il 10 Aprile 2014.
  84. [83] Patterson CJ. Lesbian and Gay Parents and Their Children: A Social Science Perspective. In: Hope DA, ed. Contemporary Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Identities. New York: Springer; 2009, p. 141-182.
  85. [84] Patterson CJ, Wainright JL. Adolescents With Same-Sex Parents: Findings from National Longitudinal Study of Adolescents Health. In: Brodzinsky DM, Pertman A, ed. Adoption by Lesbians and Gay Men: A New Dimension in Family Diversity. New York: Oxford University Press; 2011, p. 85-111.
  86. [85] Perrin AJ, Cohen N, Caren N. Responding to the Regnerus Study. Are Children of Parents Who Had Same-Sex Relationships Disadvantaged? A Scientific Evaluation of the No-Differences Hypothesis. Journal of Gay , Lesbian Mental Health 2013; 17: 327-336. DOI: 10.1080/19359705.2013.772553
  87. [86] Speranza AM. Introduzione. Infanzia e adolescenza 2013; 12(2): 71-73. DOI: 10.1710/1328.14697
  88. [87] D’Amore S, Green RJ, Baiocco R, Lingiardi V, Mazzoni S, Ioverno S, Scali T, Haxhe S. Cosa pensano i giovani adulti della genitorialità delle persone gay e lesbiche e dello sviluppo dei bambini. Presentato al convegno ‘Love Makes a Family’, “Sapienza” Università di Roma; 2014, 9 Aprile.
  89. [88] Cigoli V, Scabini E. Sul paradosso dell’omogenitorialità. Vita e Pensiero 2013; 3: 101-112.
  90. [89] Vegetti Finzi S. Ai bambini servono entrambe le figure. Corriere della Sera 2 Gennaio 2013, p. 9.
  91. [90] Marks L. Same-Sex Parenting and Children’s Outcomes: A Closer Examination of the American Psychological Association’s Brief on Lesbian and Gay Parenting. Social Science Research 2012; 41: 735-751. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.03.006
  92. [91] Regnerus M. How Different Are the Adult Children of Parents Who Have Same-Sex Relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures Study. Social Science Research 2012; 41: 752-770. DOI: 10.1016/jssresearch.2012.03.009
  93. [92] Caristo C, Nardelli N. Madri lesbiche, padri gay e il benessere dei loro figli: una rassegna della letteratura. Infanzia e adolescenza 2013; 12(2): 128-139. DOI: 10.1710/1328.14702
  94. [93] Codignola C, Luci M. La sfida delle famiglie omogenitoriali. Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane 2013; XLVII(1): 23-54. DOI: 10.3280/PU2013-001003
  95. [94] Schlatter E. Suspect Science. Intelligence Report 2013; 150. Disponibile all’indirizzo:http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2013/summer/suspect-science. Consultato il 10 Aprile 2014.
  96. [95] Sherkat D. The Editorial Process and Politicized Scholarship: Monday Morning Editorial Quarterbacking and a Call for Scientific Vigilance. Social Science Research 2012; 41(6): 1346-1349. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.08.007
  97. [96] Winkler MM, Strazio G. L’abominevole diritto. Gay e lesbiche, giudici e legislatori. Milano: Il Saggiatore; 2011.
  98. [97] Carone N. Ghosts in the same-sex families: le figure del ‘donatore’ e della ‘portatrice’ nell’immaginario e nella costruzione delle famiglie omoparentali. Tesi di Laurea, Facoltà di Medicina e Psicologia, “Sapienza” Università di Roma; 2012.
  99. [99] Lingiardi V, Caristo C. Intervista sull’omogenitorialità. Milano: FrancoAngeli; 2014.
  100. [100] Tellingator CJ, Patterson CJ. Children and Adolescents of Lesbian and Gay Parents. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2008; 47(12): 1364-1368. DOI: 10.1097/CHI.0b013e31818960bc
  101. [101] Baiocco R, Laghi F. Sexual Orientation and the Desires and Intentions to Become Parents. Journal of Family Studies 2013; 19(1): 90-98. DOI: 10.5172/jfs.2013.19.1.90
  102. [102] Fruggeri L. Diverse normalità. Psicologia sociale delle relazioni familiari. Roma: Carocci; 2005.
  103. [103] Groupe-Éclair MPT de l’Institut Lacan. Du mariage et des psychanalystes. Préface de Bernard-Henri Lévy et Jacques-Alain Miller. Paris: Navarin, Le Champe Freudien, La Règle du Jeu; 2013.
  104. [104] Roudinesco E. La Famille en désordre. Paris: Fayard, 2002.
  105. [105] Coontz S. Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage. London: Penguin; 2006.
  106. [106] Remotti F. Contro-natura. Una lettera al Papa. Roma-Bari: Laterza; 2008.
  107. [107] Saraceno C. Nuove famiglie e vecchie leggi. La sfida è aperta. La Repubblica 2013, 14 marzo, p. 59.
  108. [108] Ferrari F. Crescere in famiglie omogenitoriali: risultati scientifici e altri piani del dibattito. Terapia Familiare 2011; 95: 73-85.
  109. [109] Graglia M. Omofobia. Strumenti di analisi e di intervento. Roma: Carocci; 2012.
  110. [110] Lingiardi V. Genitorialità e suoi destini. Marina Breccia intervista Vittorio Lingiardi sull’omogenitorialità. Rivista di Psicoanalisi in press.
  111. [111] Lingiardi V, Nardelli N. Linee guida per la consulenza psicologica e la psicoterapia con persone lesbiche, gay e bisessuali. Milano: Raffaello Cortina; 2014.
  112. [112] Paterlini P. Matrimoni gay. Torino: Einaudi; 2004.
  113. [113] Butler J. Undoing Gender. New York: Routledge; 2004.
  114. [114] Lannutti PJ. The influence of same-sex marriage on the understanding of same sex relationships. Journal of Homosexuality 2007; 53: 135-151. DOI: 10.1300/J082v53n03_08
  115. [115] Arendt H. Reflections on Little Rock. Dissident 1959; 6(1): 47-58.
  116. [116] Lee Badgett MV, Hermann JL. Patterns of Relationship Recognition by Same-Sex Couples in the United States; 2011. Disponibile all’indirizzo: http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Badgett-Herman-Marriage-Dissolution-Nov-2011.pdf. Consultato il 10 Aprile 2014.

Vittorio Lingiardi, Nicola Carone, Sposarsi. Sugli effetti dell’esclusione da un diritto umano elementare in "RIVISTA SPERIMENTALE DI FRENIATRIA" 2/2014, pp 85-112, DOI: 10.3280/RSF2014-002007