Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gerardo Marletto Title: Transport economics and the environment: an introduction Abstract: Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:5-9 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46534&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002001 Number: 1 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Italo Meloni Author-Name: Erika Spissu Title: The design of a strategy to encourage voluntary travel behaviour change: a cap and save programme Abstract: The objective of this work is to explore the contribution of daily activity-travel patterns to carbon emissions, and to define the steps for the implementation of an effective behavioural strategy to encourage voluntary travel behavioural changes. This work proposes an extensive review of the most relevant strategies implemented to achieve sustainable objectives. In particular, the focus is on those strategies aimed at changing human behaviour, debated both in transportation (Structural strategies) and in sociological and psychological (Cognitive-Motivational strategies) fields. Further, international experiences of Voluntary Travel Behavioural Changes programs, as opposed to compulsory measures (i.e. taxation, restrictions etc.), are investigated. Finally, the work describes the results of a pilot survey held in Cagliari (Italy) to test a behavioural strategy called "Cap and Save". The basic idea of the Cap and Save is that voluntary travel behavioural changes are more likely when the individuals are able to recognize a personal profit. The Cap and Save program combines a number of key aspects from behavioural strategies reviewed in the literature (i.e. Tradable Exploitation Rights, Personal Journey Planning etc.): first, individuals are free to modify their behaviour; second, a cognitive-motivational process is set forth to increase awareness of sustainable behaviours. Third, each individual receives an annual emissions limit (cap) and a monetary incentive (save) to reduce emissions; fourth, a set of personalized alternatives is tailored for the individual in order to reduce weekly mileage. Finally, the Cap and Save program relies on an accurate analysis of activity-travel behaviour before and after policy intervention. The initial test of the Cap and Save programme was conducted during a two-week survey (July-October 2009), which involved a group of students from the University of Cagliari (Italy). The first week, the students were invited to record their actual daily activity-travel patterns. The second week, they were asked to repeat the survey, this time they were challenged to maintain a weekly cap of kilometres travelled thereby saving the corresponding resources (i.e. environmental and monetary). Each student was provided with a set of personalized alternatives, which (if followed) would result in a 20% reduction of kilometres travelled. The comparison of before and after strategy implementation highlights the implications of Cap and Save on a wide range of individual daily activities and, specifically, on personal car usage. Classification-JEL: Q56, R48, O18 Keywords: Note: Pages:11-30 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46535&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002002 Number: 2 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Angelo Antoci Author-Name: Simone Borghesi Author-Name: Gerardo Marletto Title: To drive or not to drive? A simple evolutionary model Abstract: Car use is an increasingly serious problem in many modern cities because of polluting emissions, noise, accidents and congestion. To examine this issue, this paper analyzes the individual choice between taking the car and using alternative transport modes (e.g. walking, cycling, taking the bus etc.) in the presence of cars? negative impacts on alternative transport modes. Using a simple evolutionary model, we show the existence of suboptimal Nash equilibria characterized by the widespread use of cars and discuss the effects of simple transport policies that reduce cars? negative impacts on alternative transport modes. Classification-JEL: Q52, Q58, R41 Keywords: Note: Pages:31-47 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46536&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002003 Number: 3 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Romeo Danielis Author-Name: Lucia Rotaris Author-Name: Edoardo Marcucci Author-Name: J?rome Massiani Title: A medium term evaluation of the Ecopass road pricing scheme in Milan: economic, environmental and transport impacts Abstract: The paper provides an evaluation of the Ecopass road pricing scheme for the years 2008, 2009 and 2010. The term Ecopass conveys the stated political objective of the scheme: a PASS to improve the quality of the urban environment (ECO). The scheme has actually improved the air quality in Milan, although the recommended PM10 threshold is still exceeded for a larger number of days than that recommended by EU directives. This paper estimates the costs and benefits of the scheme three years after its implementation using the same methodology applied in Rotaris et al. (2010) for the year 2008. The results indicate that the benefits still exceed the costs, and by an increasing amount, but at an annual decreasing rate of improvement. The Ecopass scheme has proved beneficial, but it seems to have exhausted its potential: little further gains in air quality could be obtained via a fiscal incentive to improve the abatement technology of the vehicles. The new administration, elected in June 2011, was faced with the task of deciding whether to dismiss, maintain or change the Ecopass scheme. The prevailing idea coming from the Ecopass Commission and from the advocacy groups was to extend both the area of application and the number of classes subject to the charge. In November 2011 the new administration decided to substitute Ecopass with Area C, a policy based on a congestion charge which incorporates some environmental elements. Classification-JEL: H23, Q52, R48 Keywords: Note: Pages:49-83 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46537&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002004 Number: 4 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Paolo Beria Author-Name: Raffaele Grimaldi Author-Name: Marco Ponti Title: Comparison of social and perceived marginal costs of road transport in Italy Abstract: The topic of external costs of transport is widely studied in the scientific literature and policy makers are showing a growing awareness on this problem. One of the main tools used to control the social costs of transport and reduce welfare losses associated to externalities is that of internalisation via tariffs: road pricing, carbon taxes, dedicated taxes etc. Actually, many taxes on transport already exist, but seldom have an explicit internalisation purpose. In this paper we compare current road transport perceived marginal costs in Italy with social ones. Starting from the literature on the topic, in the analytical part of the paper we present the case of Italy and quantify the current level of external costs and taxation. Then we compare unit taxes with marginal transport social costs, with particular respect to different driving contexts. Results show that gasoline passengers cars always perceive the external costs they generate more than any other vehicle category. In urban contexts external costs are still not rightly perceived, with the exception of recent gasoline cars only and excluding congestion. Outside urban contexts, the perceived share is considerably higher. Estimates also suggest that a distortion exists with respect to the gap between highway tolls and infrastructure damage costs in Italy: trucks pay only a little more than marginal infrastructure costs they generate, so that only cars are actually paying for new investments. Classification-JEL: D62, H23, R48 Keywords: Note: Pages:85-112 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46538&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002005 Number: 5 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudio Ferrari Author-Name: Alessio Tei Title: Emission savings through a re-scheduling of maritime services: possible implications for the Mediterranean ports Abstract: The major aim of the paper is to analyse how growing awareness of environmental impact determined by trade activities can influence maritime transport and how it can facilitate changes in the current structure of maritime routes. In particular, the study compares the emissions concerning two alternatives in current maritime routes to highlight how possible incentives for emission reduction applied to maritime transport could impact the route choice. The analysis focuses on the trade routes from the Far East and South America towards Europe and it compares the emissions in two alternative scenarios: direct services calling at a North European port and shipping services calling at a Mediterranean port. In the latter scenario a significant role could be played by the North-African ports, whose development represents possible transhipment calls for the international shipping trades, mainly on the Europe-Far East route. In this sense they may act as competitors of the North European ports: their favourable geographic position allows for a considerable reduction in nautical distances with an immediate impact on the maritime transport emissions. To analyse the differences of emission impacts, this paper uses some particular statistical tools based on scientific literature and some instruments related to previous analysis in similar fields. The data used in the paper have been collected directly from shipping operators, terminal operators and some specialist databases. The paper is structured in 5 sections. After a brief introduction about transport and the environment (Section 1), Section 2 provides a review of some general methods to calculate the environmental cost of maritime transport, while Section 3 analyses the current trade route system and which ports can have an influence on changing the maritime patterns. Section 4 is focused on the analysis and comparison of the maritime routes alternatives, while Section 5 draws some conclusions and remarks for further analysis. Classification-JEL: R41, Q56 Keywords: Note: Pages:113-130 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46539&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002006 Number: 6 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: J?rome Massiani Author-Name: Jens Weinmann Title: Estimating electric car?s emissions in Germany: an analysis through a pivotal marginal method and comparison with other methods Abstract: In this paper, we estimate the emissions resulting from electric vehicles in Germany. We make use of EMOB, a comprehensive simulation model that provides a forecast and evaluation of the diffusion of alternative fuel vehicles in the next decades. Our method to compute emissions differs from existing ones by a "pivotal marginal" or "hourly marginal" calculation that takes into account the predicted time pattern of EV reloading and can offer a parsimonious alternative to resource intensive micro simulation models. Our approach results in EV emissions of 87 g/km in 2012 and 82 g/km in 2020. These estimates are much higher than those provided by simplified approaches (marginal and average emission) in the short run and get close to marginal emissions after 2035. Co-ordinated charging may reduce the emissions only marginally (usually less than 4 %). Generally, our findings cast doubts on the general claim that electric cars could be fuelled by renewable energy in general, and with fluctuating excess supply of renewables (wind, solar) in particular. This conclusion persists even in the presence of realistic coordination schemes. Classification-JEL: Q42, R42 Keywords: Note: Pages:131-155 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46540&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002007 Number: 7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Eva Valeri Author-Name: Amanda Stathopoulos Author-Name: Edoardo Marcucci Title: Energy efficiency in the transport sector: policy evolution and evaluation in some european countries Abstract: In the last years Energy Efficiency (EE) has become an important issue in the public policy makers? agenda due to ambitious objectives of the European Commission to reduce energy consumption by 20% in 2020. Many countries have adopted state-level EE programs targeted to include Energy Saving (ES) policy mixes in different sectors including transportation that is among the most energy intensive ones. The aims of this paper are to: i) report briefly the macroareas of state-level transport EE policies related to the transport sector, ii) verify the level of implementation of these policies among some European countries, iii) highlight, for each country considered, the EE measures adopted up to 2007 and compare the results obtained, iv) evaluate the implementation of EE transport successful measures adopted by each respective National Energy Agency (NEAs), and finally v) compare the main results deriving from EE policy implementation. In particular, in this last objective we adapted the good practice policy mix framework for car passenger transport proposed by the AID-EE Project at the information obtained from countries? National Energy Programmes (NEPs) updated to 2007. Classification-JEL: O52, Q48 Keywords: Note: Pages:157-192 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46541&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002008 Number: 8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Lucie Greyl Author-Name: Hali Healy Author-Name: Emanuele Leonardi Author-Name: Leah Temper Title: Stop that train! Ideological conflict and the TAV Abstract: The Susa Valley situated between Maurienne, France and Turin, Italy, has been urbanised by the economic development of the region. Scarred by infrastructure like the Frejus highway, an international railway, and numerous dams, tunnels and industries, this "development" has had significant environmental and social impacts. The high speed train line (Treno Alta Velocit? in Italian, or TAV) between Turin and Lyon is planned at the intersection of 2 main European axes to complement the European railway network by increasing the transport of passengers as well as goods. The train would pass through the Susa Valley, via 2 main tunnels and numerous shorter ones to cross the Alps. The "No TAV" movement is the grass-roots movement of the Susa Valley population against the construction of the line. This article, explores the motives and rationale of opponents and proponents, highlighting the role of power relations and an underlying clash of ideologies. It shows how the success and longevity of No TAV movement relies on one hand on the versatility and diversity of its arguments, and on the other, a renewed legitimacy in the context of the current social and economic crises of its arguments in favour of strong sustainability, degrowth and participatory democracy. Classification-JEL: Z13, D62 Keywords: Note: Pages:193-218 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46542&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002009 Number: 9 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Federico Paolini Title: Transport and the environment in Italy (1950-2006) Abstract: Historians - and not only in Italy - have begun only in recent years to address in detail the environmental problems caused by transport. In recent years we have seen an attempt at creating a new interdisciplinary study sector (environmental mobility studies) with the aim of studying, from the environmental point of view, the many topics concerning mobility. This article aims at putting forward a brief survey of the development of transport in Italy (taking into consideration the time span between the end of the Second World War and the early part of the 21st century) with a perspective which stands between environmental history and environmental mobility studies. The chief objective of this paper is to analyze, and possibly assess the environmental impact of transport, utilizing indicators referring to the driving forces (extension of infrastructures, traffic volume) to environmental pressures (emissions of carbon dioxide, PM10, NOx, waste production per worker) and to environmental impacts (energy resources consumption). In particular, in the article the author uses the notion of virtual water, an easily applicable indicator for industrial production (it does not require the necessary complex calculations, used for example to assess the ecological footprint) useful for quantifying the environmental impact caused by the production and utilization of means of transport. Classification-JEL: N70, Q55, R41 Keywords: Note: Pages:219-244 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46543&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002010 Number: 10 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: n.d. Title: Summaries and abstracts Abstract: Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:245-253 Volume: 2012/2 Year: 2012 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=46544&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2012-002011 Number: 11