Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luigi De Paoli Title: The EU Emissions Trading System: For an effective and viable reform Abstract: The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS or simply ETS) has now been in place for more than 10 years. There is broad consensus that, although emissions have been below the intended objective during this period, this result is hardly due to the ETS. In these 10 years, several changes have been introduced to the initial rules. Lately, the European Council and Parliament, based on proposals from the European Commission (EC), decided to reform the ETS by introducing a market stability reserve (MSR) with the aim of overcoming the lack of effectiveness regarding ETS, as implicitly recognized by these institutions. In fact, there were other possibilities for reforming the ETS. The purpose of this paper is to present the reasons that favour the introduction of a reserve price for auctions of EU emissions allowances (EUAs) as soon as possible, but at least by the fourth phase of the ETS. It also explains why it would be an effective and no-regret option to start from a low level of the reserve price and reaching in about ten years the level making it convenient to switch from coal to gas in electricity production. The paper is divided into five sections. The first section summarizes the key stages of the history the EU ETS with some comments. The second section analyses the factors that explain the reduction in emissions, particularly during the second phase of the ETS. The next section examines the decisions that have been taken regarding the amount of primary offering of emission permits. The fourth section discusses the reasons that have led to the surplus of permits in circulation since the end of the second ETS phase and the remedies proposed by the European Commission. Finally, the paper presents the case for the introduction and fixing of the minimum and maximum price during the auction for the sale of permits. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:5-40 Volume: 2016/1 Year: 2016 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=58677&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-001001 Number: 1 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=58677 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Minist?re de l?Environnement, de l?Energie et de la Mer Title: Non Paper - A soft price collar for the European carbon market Abstract: Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:41-46 Volume: 2016/1 Year: 2016 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=58678&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-001002 Number: 2 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marta Meleddu Title: Repeating discrete choice experiments to estimate public preferences in a case of costal land use policy Abstract: Using the discrete choice experiment (DCE) approach, this study estimates the public preferences for a public policy with the primary goal of protecting the environment. The policy under investigation is a ban issued by the Italian region of Sardinia that aimed to preserve the island?s land, landscape and coastal environment. Two waves of surveys were undertaken with separate random samples in 2006 and 2010, which allowed for operationally capturing and estimating the temporal stability of welfare measures regarding the environmental public policy. Overall, the results suggest that the preferences for the environmental protection are not stable over time, and signal increasing public concern for future generations and the satisfaction derived from preserving the natural environment. This study brings to light the importance of truly understanding and monitoring over time how citizens perceive the potential impacts of environmental and land development policies. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:47-72 Volume: 2016/1 Year: 2016 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=58679&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-001003 Number: 3 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=58679 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mingcui Su Author-Name: Zeng Lian Author-Name: Jianjun Li Title: An analysis of the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from the BRICS Abstract: The BRICS, as five emerging national economies, are major global consumers of energy. This paper aims to examine how energy consumption varies with the growth of economy for BRICS countries, by applying the Environmental Kuznets Curves (EKC). Based on the cross-country cross-sectional dataset, we use total amount of energy consumption as the environmental indicator to explore the patterns of EKC. Our results provide evidence of an inverted-U shape of EKC in the overall BRICS nations. Energy consumption tends to increase initially, and then declines after a threshold level of income due to the implementation of environmental policy and promotion of efficient technologies. In addition, this paper separately analyzes China?s roles in determining the relationship between energy consumption and income embodied by the BRICS. Similarly, we finds a consistent result that China also displays an inverted-U relationship, no matter whether the aggregate energy consumption or specific energy type is used as the environmental indicator. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:73-89 Volume: 2016/1 Year: 2016 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=58680&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-001004 Number: 4 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=58680 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Benedetta Nucci Author-Name: Fabio Iraldo Author-Name: Maria Rosa De Giacomo Title: The relevance of Life Cycle Costing in Green Public Procurement Abstract: The aim of this paper is to discuss the relevance of Life Cycle Costing (LCC) in public procurement in the European context after the publication of the Directive 2014/24/EU. After a description of the concept, the dimensions and main features of LCC, the contents of the Directive are briefly presented, focusing on the requirements related to life cycle costing. The main issues related to the assessment of LCC are then discussed, such as discounting and uncertainty of the data, but the paper mostly concentrates on a key-aspect of the methodology: the monetization of environmental externalities, since the Directive emphasizes that this aspect shall also be included in the LCC calculation. Moreover, in order to explore the relevance of LCC in public procurement, a survey to 119 public administrations of different countries has been carried out. The main findings of the survey, presented in our paper, show that the Life Cycle Costing approach is implemented by only a small part of public administrations, in spite of the fact that Green Public Procurement, normally considered as a driver for LCC, is very diffused among the same administrations Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:91-109 Volume: 2016/1 Year: 2016 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=58681&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-001005 Number: 5 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=58681 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elena Villar-Rubio Author-Name: Mar?a Dolores Huete Morales Title: Energy, transport, pollution and natural resources: Key elements in ecological taxation Abstract: The indiscriminate use of natural resources has highlighted the need to coordinate market instruments in order to encourage greater commitment to environmental responsibility, and to this end, environmental (or Pigouvian) taxes are increasingly used, in many countries. In this paper, we examine the main types of environmental taxes applied and analyse patterns of convergence/divergence among the 27 countries of the European Union regarding levels of environmental taxation, through an analysis of sigma convergence. This analysis reveals a slight trend toward the harmonisation of ?green? taxes. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:111-122 Volume: 2016/1 Year: 2016 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=58682&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-001006 Number: 6 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=58682