Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Anna Creti Author-Name: Jacques Percebois Author-Name: Boris Solier Title: The Clean Energy Package: Are its objectives always consistent? Abstract: On 30 November 2016, the European Commission published a proposal for a reform of energy markets titled "Clean Energy for all Europeans", better known as the "Winter Pack-age". Its aim is to speed up the integration of electricity markets in Europe and to further encourage the use of renewables and the pursuit of energy efficiency, while at the same time placing European consumers at the heart of this project. This Policy Brief sheds light on the Commission?s proposal - which runs to no less than 5000 pages - by examining its three major innovations and looking in depth at issues that remain unresolved in terms of pricing. Putting the consumer at the centre of the policy. In concrete terms, consumers must be able to participate more fully in the functioning of the electricity market, both as self-producers and as contributors to demand-side responses. Strengthening the governance of grids and markets. National capacity markets must be open to other Member States and to all technologies. The only exception is coal-fired power plants, the most polluting technology, which should be totally eliminated from the capacity markets in the long term. Improving the integration of renewables. The project puts an end to the priority of access to grids that has benefited renewables so far and recommends the eventual removal of production support mechanisms. The issue of electricity pricing appears to be inescapable given increasing inputs of decentralized renewable electricity that are destabilising the standard principle of electricity pricing at marginal cost. Alternatives - pricing at average cost or on the basis of capacity - will need to be explored. The central role of the carbon price and the implications of its insufficiently high level, which penalizes the competitiveness of low-carbon energies, are hidden. The reform of support mechanisms for renewables is no substitute for an ambitious carbon pricing policy. Classification-JEL: L9, P43, Q48 Keywords: Note: Pages:5-14 Volume: 2016/2 Year: 2016 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=59378&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-002001 Number: 1 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=59378 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Adhitya Wardhono Author-Name: Panji Tirta Nirwana Putra Author-Name: M. Abd. Nasir Title: Causal study of macroeconomic indicators on carbon dioxide emission in ASEAN 5 Abstract: Carbon dioxide Emission is one of the environment degradation resulted from economic activities. The study aims at revealing the relation of macroeconomic indicators with carbon dioxide emission in ASEAN 5 countries. Carbon dioxide emission is a dependent variable explained by macroeconomic indicator variables such as GDP, trades, energy consumption and exchange rates as an independent variable. The data employed are time series data, the annual data in ASEAN 5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippine and Sin-gapore) from the period of 1975 to 2011. The research employs two methods of analysis; narrative descriptive qualitative and VAR (Vector Auto Regressive) method. The estimated research findings indicate different results concerning macroeconomic indicators affecting the carbon dioxide emission in ASEAN 5. AR results reveal that GDP in Indonesia has sig-nificant negative effect while the energy consumption shows a significant positive effect. Meanwhile, the variables such as GDP, trades and exchange rate have a significant positive affect in Malaysia. In Singapore, energy consumption has a significant effect and the exchange rate has positive significant one. Lastly, the Philippine shows that exchange rate variable indicates a significant effect towards carbon dioxide emission. Classification-JEL: Q50, Q51, Q53, Q54 Keywords: Note: Pages:15-31 Volume: 2016/2 Year: 2016 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=59379&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-002002 Number: 2 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=59379 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary Author-Name: Ehsan Rasoulinezhad Author-Name: Yoshikazu Kobayashi Title: Oil price fluctuations and oil consuming sectors: An empirical analysis of Japan Abstract: Since the oil price shocks of the 1970s, several studies have found significant impacts of oil prices on macro variables. However, it is particularly crucial to know how each micro sector in an economy, such as the residential, transport, industrial and non-energy sectors, respond to oil price impulses. In this research, we try to shed light on the impact of crude oil price volatility on each sector in Japan, the world?s third-largest crude oil consumer. In order to do so, we apply a vector auto regression model and perform impulse response analysis by using quarterly data from Q1 1990 to Q1 2014. The findings indicate that some economic sectors, such as the residential sector, did not have significant sensitivity to the sharp oil price fluctuations. In contrast, some other sectors, like the commercial, industrial, and transport sectors, were strongly sensitive to the drastic oil price fluctuations. Moreover, our findings show that after the Fukushima disaster in 2011, which led to the shutdown of nuclear power plants in Japan, because of greater reliance on oil imports, the sensitivity of most sectors to oil price volatility declined. Classification-JEL: C32, O49, Q43 Keywords: Note: Pages:33-51 Volume: 2016/2 Year: 2016 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=59380&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-002003 Number: 3 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=59380 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ilaria Losa Author-Name: Rafael Cossent Ar?n Author-Name: Andrea Rodriguez Calvo Title: Scalability and replicability analysis of smart grids demo projects: An overview of selected European approaches Abstract: The modernization of the European electricity grids is a key priority of the European energy policy that must be achieved in order to safely integrate renewable and decentralized generation, improve energy efficiency, and integrate the active consumers in the energy system. Several European and National research programs are investigating new technologies and solutions aimed at addressing these challenges. In order to speed up the shift from the stage of industrial research to the market uptake of the most innovative solutions, new methods shall be defined to ensure that the solutions demonstrated can be scaled up and replicated. These methods need to address not only technical aspects, but also the non-technical issues such as public acceptance of grid infrastructures or new market designs and products by all stakeholders and to harmonize regulation and legal framework. This paper analyses and compares the different approaches developed by important EU projects such as GRID+, GRID4EU, and IGREENGRID, to investigate the scalability and replicability potential of the solutions tested in smart grids pilot projects. Barriers and enabling factors that might limit or support the large-scale deployment of innovative solutions are presented and discussed. One of the most important problems identified is the difficulty to build reliable models of the representative distribution networks needed in the analyses, which might hinder the replicability of a given solution. The existence of an EU-wide repository of distribution grid data would facilitate future work. Moreover, the development of common standards is advised to support the interoperability of the most promising solutions and to guarantee the industrial competitiveness. Further research efforts are still required to the smart grids stakeholders community to elaborate a comprehensive approach. However, the overview of methodologies reported in the present paper represents a useful support for the project leaders that have to perform the scalability and replicability analysis of new pilot projects or regulators and policy-makers pondering to enable or support smart grid solutions. To achieve this, this paper highlights best practices, drivers, simulation tools and barriers encountered by the different projects. These aspects are key elements that shall be considered and further analyzed to build a comprehensive approach to the problem. Classification-JEL: L94, L50 Keywords: Note: Pages:53-80 Volume: 2016/2 Year: 2016 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=59381&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-002004 Number: 4 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=59381 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabio Iraldo Author-Name: Benedetta Nucci Title: Proactive environmental management in hotels: What difference does it make? Abstract: Tourism is one of the most important economic sectors in the world and, due to its strong relationship with natural resources, it has attracted growing interest from the environmental scientific community concerning the evaluation, management and control of its environmental impacts. Recently, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been used to measure and assess the environmental impacts of tourism-related activities. The objective of this article is thus to perform a comparative analysis of two archetypal tourist accommodations with a different degree of implementation of environmental management practices by using the LCA meth-odology. This methodology allows to thoroughly assess the difference in the environmental performance of two hotels with different environmental management strategies and, particu-larly, how much this performance can be improved following some of the requirements and best practices for the environmental sustainability of a hotel, as described by the Ecolabel regulation criteria for tourist accommodations. The study does not refer to real tourist ac-commodations, however a realistic hotel "structure" has been modelled using data from the literature and from the available legislative documentation. The key-results of the study is that the adoption of environmental best practices undoubtedly leads to a reduced impact for tourist accommodations, especially when considering hotels with service structures as common parts (such as swimming pools). As a consequence, the recommendation emerges that public policies shall support the implementation of such practices. Classification-JEL: Q51, Z32 Keywords: Note: Pages:81-106 Volume: 2016/2 Year: 2016 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=59382&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-002005 Number: 5 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=59382 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Alessandro Fiorini Title: Technical efficiency in a technological innovation system perspective: The case of bioenergy technologies R&D resources mobilisation in a sample from EU-28 Abstract: Building upon mainstream literature on concept and measures of innovation efficiency, this paper introduces a new method for the evaluation of R&D resources mobilisation in a Tech-nological Innovation System framework. The method is based on a quantitative set up that aims to improving both the representation and assessment of system dynamics. An application to the case of the EU28 bioenergy technological system shows that almost 20% of the R&D potential was under-utilised in 2011. Main determinants of this systemic failure were specific economic and policy factors, which conditioned allocation decisions. In particular, the preference bias induced by the general investment capacity of the system, competitive pressure on entities undertaking innovation activities and the intensity of policy production. Conversely, a relatively higher share of educated population and the evidence of an effective progress towards the achievement of specific policy targets positively impacted on the efficient utilisation of R&D resources. Classification-JEL: O32, Q42, C14 Keywords: Note: Pages:107-127 Volume: 2016/2 Year: 2016 Issue:2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=59383&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2016-002006 Number: 6 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=59383