Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giovanni Battista Zorzoli Title: The Italian national energy strategy of 2017: How to increase the RES share Abstract: On November 10, 2017, the Italian Ministers of Economic Development and of the Envi-ronment issued a document named "Strategia Energetica Nazionale 2017" (National Energy Strategy of 2017 or SEN) which indicates the energy policy goals for 2030 and the actions to achieve them. Although the document does not have a value of official Italian commitment to the European Union, however, SEN-2017 shows how Italy would like to act to respect the targets that the European Union is setting for all the Member States in the context of the Clean Energy Package currently under consideration. Renewable energy sources are one of the pillars of SEN, but the initiatives indicated do not always seem able to let Italy reach the targets. The article shows why there is a risk of underperformance and suggests some actions to close the gap between the objectives and the probable results with the current measures. Although the data refer to Italy, these actions are certainly transferable to other EU countries. Classification-JEL: Q48, Q42, Q28 Keywords: Note: Pages:5-13 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61077&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001001 Number: 1 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61077 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Domenico Prisinzano Author-Name: Alessandro Federici Author-Name: Amalia Martelli Author-Name: Chiara Martini Author-Name: Roberto Moneta Title: Fiscal deduction in Italy for energy efficiency in residential buildings: Some insights Abstract: After more than 10 years since its introduction, the fiscal deduction scheme of 55-65% for energy renovation of existing buildings has represented a veritable break in the Italian energy efficiency world. Such incentives have allowed to limit the serious economic crisis faced by the Italian building sector, at the same time implying the valorisation of buildings and improving life quality of Italian people. In this article, the EU and national regulatory context where the 55-65% tax deduction scheme operates will be briefly summarised, as well as their role relative to the Italian objectives within the implementation of the Energy Efficiency Directive. The savings achieved by different types of interventions will be described, together with the associated investments. The trends on the market of incentivised technologies will be finally identified, also estimating employment impacts on the construction sector and developing other economic considerations and policy implications in order to untap a huge energy saving potential. Classification-JEL: K32, N74, O13, Q42, Q43 Keywords: Note: Pages:15-29 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61078&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001002 Number: 2 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61078 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Simone Maggiore Author-Name: Anna Realini Author-Name: Marco Borgarello Title: Sustainability and energy efficiency of the European industry Abstract: European Industry plays a key role in the achievement of the targets set by the Energy Efficiency Directive published in 2012. Many Countries in the European Union have, in fact, adopted schemes and mechanisms to implement the Directive by incentivising the adoption of more efficient technologies in industry: however, big differences of approach still remain among the Member States, both in terms of assessment of the efficiency and sustainability of the measures and in terms of economic and/or financial support to the projects. As a consequence, a huge amount of the energy efficiency potential still remains untapped. This paper proposes some criteria for the evaluation of the applied Energy Efficiency measures based on their energetic, economic and environmental performances, thus, more in general, on their sustainability. The proposed criteria have been developed in the H2020 project EU?MERCI and through a national research ("Ricerca di Sistema" national funding system), both coordinated by RSE, and have led to the identification of the most promising measures in industry (called "Good Practices"). The starting point is the creation of an harmonized database collecting energy efficiency projects developed and incentivised in different EU countries within national energy efficiency implementation schemes. Then, some Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) have been defined and calculated, in order to assess the energetic, environmental and economic performances of the measures. After that, the "Good Practices" have been identified, ranked according to the calculated KPIs and, finally, evaluated through the technical expertise of stakeholders in the field. The real added value of this approach is that it is full based on tangibly implemented en-ergy efficiency projects, in opposition to similar attempts, essentially theoretical. Ultimately, it offers a key of assessment of the sustainability of energy efficiency measures implemented under local and EU policies. Classification-JEL: Q3, Q4 Keywords: Note: Pages:31-45 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61079&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001003 Number: 3 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61079 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fabio Iraldo Author-Name: Sabina Scarpellini Author-Name: Edoarco Croci Title: Special section. Circular economy: Concepts and applications. Introduction Abstract: Classification-JEL: Q53 Q55 Q57 Keywords: Note: Pages:47-56 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61080&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001004 Number: 4 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Matan Mayer Author-Name: Martin Bechthold Title: Development of policy metrics for circularity assessment in building assemblies Abstract: Design for material recovery is drawing increased interest as a strategy for eliminating landfill waste outputs from building end-of-life operations. Yet, a lack of comprehensive performance evaluation methods in this field is preventing policymakers and stakeholders from setting verifiable recovery goals for new construction and retrofitting. Responding to this problem, the following paper proposes an evaluation framework and a material recovery potential index (MRPI) for building assemblies. The system evaluates recovery potential at both the material and assembly levels through a series of categories and subcategories. Assessment approaches from other design and engineering disciplines are introduced and selectively adapted to reflect the unique recovery challenges that are characteristic of buildings and infrastructure. A weighting strategy is developed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and the entire system is successfully tested using output validation. Lastly, the MRPI is applied in a comparative recovery potential study of 12 typical envelope assemblies. Results indicate a strong correlation between MRPI scores and other environmental indicators such as embodied energy levels and global warming potential values. Classification-JEL: C53, Q53, Q57 Keywords: Note: Pages:57-84 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61081&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001005 Number: 5 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61081 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nancy M.P. Bocken Author-Name: Karen Miller Author-Name: Ilka Weissbrod Author-Name: Maria Holgado Author-Name: Steve Evans Title: Business model experimentation for circularity: Driving sustainability in a large international clothing retailer Abstract: Business model experimentation for sustainability is an intentional and systematic ap-proach to identify, test and learn about value creation strategies that could be adopted by a business in response to current unsustainable trajectories. For businesses such as large clothing retailers the need to alter course is acute as pressure builds from economic, environmental and social angles. The circular economy concept provides a potential powerful lever for change. To date, however, scant research has been conducted on how circular business model experimentation is conducted. We present an indepth action research case study of a large international clothing retailer embarking on a journey of business model experimentation for circularity: the processes, methods, roles and the organisation in light of the need to address broad sustainability challenges in the business. It was found that experimentation activities oscillated between slow and loaded, and faster and un-weighted modes. While an intentional and stepwise process was sought, in reality it was largely emergent and highly iterative. Through this iterative process, new circular business models were generated that co-exist with current non-circular ones. Confidence in experimentation as a business capability also increased through this collaborative project. This study provides insights into how to conduct lean startup type business model experimentation for circularity in a large organisation. For practitioners, the benefits of academic-industry collaboration, and the oscillating dynamics of business model experimentation are illuminated. Classification-JEL: D22, C9, Q01 Keywords: Note: Pages:85-122 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61082&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001006 Number: 6 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61082 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Silvia Sarti Author-Name: Filippo Corsini Author-Name: Natalia Marzia Gusmerotti Author-Name: Marco Frey Title: Food sharing: Making sense between new business models and responsible social initiatives for food waste prevention Abstract: In the context of circular economy, food waste represents an important challenge. Recently some initiatives emerged in fighting and preventing food waste using digital technologies. Food sharing platforms allow individuals and businesses (e.g. retailers, producers, local shops) to share surplus food to other platform users. Our study aims at exploring which models are adopted in food sharing practices based on market orientation (for-profit or non-profit) and market structure (peer-to-peer or business-to-peer), and their contribution to the food waste prevention. Using content analysis, our results indicate there are two typologies of social initiatives and two prevailing business models: social sharing platforms, corporate social sharing platforms, social eating platforms (SE business model) and food alerting platform (FAP business model). Despite the positive social and environmental impact, these initiatives have to face some criticisms due to the lack of a dominant player and the high fragmentation of users among the existing platforms. Classification-JEL: M00, M140, O35, Q56 Keywords: Note: Pages:123-134 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61083&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001007 Number: 7 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61083 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Claudio Siminelli Title: Consumer behaviours and attitudes towards a circular economy: Knowledge and culture as determinants in a four-market analysis Abstract: This work assesses the role of consumers in the transition towards a circular economy, taking into account four sectors: clothes, household electrical appliances, paper and food. It relies on a sample of 700 respondents to a specifically designed survey. The sample is divided into two subsamples, in Italy and Sweden, to evaluate a potential geographical bias. The work is developed through three research questions. First, in each of the four sectors, people meditate upon the environmental impact of a good in different moments of what this work defines personal lifecycle, i.e. the stages when they actually come into contact with the product (purchase, utilisation and disposal). The results show that individuals display environmental concerns in the disposal stage, rather then when buying or using a product, but there is evidence of a possible geographical bias. Then, the work econometrically evaluates the determinants behind green behaviours, in terms of attitudes (pro-environmental self-identity), knowledge (of environmental labels) and culture (individualism). Individuals that claim to be green seem to actually behave correctly; knowledge of green labels positively affects behaviours in sectors where these labels are widespread; there is no evidence for individualism to act on green behaviour. Age affects behaviours on appliances and clothes. Being female positively influences behaviours. Lastly, the work econometrically assesses variables affecting the propensity toward circular products. Being careful to environmental issues positively affects the willingness to buy such goods. Individualism negatively impacts on the propensity to circularity in sectors characterised by design and fashion. Age, education and gender do not affect propensity to these goods. Classification-JEL: D12, Q53, Q56 Keywords: Note: Pages:135-169 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61084&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001008 Number: 8 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61084 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rachel Lombardi Title: Non-technical barriers to (and drivers for) the circular economy through industrial symbiosis: A practical input Abstract: Industrial symbiosis is the use by one company or sector of resources (materials, energy, water, logistics, capacity) from another, thus reducing waste generation while delivering economic, environmental and social benefits. At all levels in Europe - local, regional, national, and the EU itself - industrial symbiosis is increasingly seen as a strategic tool to help deliver the circular economy. At least 20 Member States since 2009 have held awareness raising and implementation activities. Facilitated programs in 15 EU countries are engaging over 20,000 organisations in industrial symbiosis, and others have self-directing activity. Nevertheless, less than 0.1% of the 26 million active enterprises in Europe are known to be active in industrial symbiosis. Facilitator and company surveys and interviews on industrial symbiosis opportunities have identified non-technical barriers to industrial symbiosis: the lack of information is clearly identified as a barrier by companies, and addressing this is a large part of a facilitator role. Both companies and facilitators identify regulation, organisational and governance issues as potential barriers, usually addressed through facilitator support. Companies typically do not need help establishing the commercial viability of industrial symbiosis opportunities. Classification-JEL: 030, L23, L14 Keywords: Note: Pages:171-189 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61085&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001009 Number: 9 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61085 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Dream D. Cazzaniga Author-Name: Giulia Detomati Title: Circular economy: Implementing a small-scale project in a rural area Abstract: The Circular Economy (CE) is one of the most recent theoretical framework for identi-fying sustainable solutions to the environmental threats posed by our economic system. In certain countries, both the private and public sectors have increasingly introduced this concept into their strategies and policies. Despite the widespread consensus and outreach of this model, there are still some key issues to be addressed in relation to project implementation and assessment. Through the analysis of a small-scale project in Northern Italy, the authors have chosen a practical case study to highlight a number of the main perspectives on how to operationalize CE. In particular, they provide an analysis of the project methods and results in order to understand the winning choices as well as the major constraints in putting the model in practice. In the conclusion the authors identify certain areas of intervention to be considered for effective implementation and enduring systemic change. Some measurement and monitoring instruments are also suggested to facilitate the achievement of the CE?s overarching goals in the long-term. Classification-JEL: F64,H23,O44,Q01,Q13,Q18,Q28,Q32,Q51,Q55,R11 Keywords: Note: Pages:191-217 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61086&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001010 Number: 10 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61086 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Sebastiano Patti Title: Circular economy and sharing consumption: Attitudes towards low-carbon tourism Abstract: The paper focuses on attitude towards circular economy and low-carbon tourism (CE and L-CT) by investigating consumption behavior of people who use sharing utilities. Attitudes towards CE and L-CT concern ecological, socio-economic and developmental impact. Low-carbon tourism helps to reduce water, electricity and other energy consumption as well as waste and contribute to reduce greenhouse gas emission such as carbon dioxide. The requirements of CE and L-CT are transportation, consumption, accomodation and less travel footprint (Yang, 2015). Different motivational factors affect tourists? behavior in sharing goods and services, such as environmental protection, lower costs, research of a sustainable style of lyfe, wellness and so on. The study examines how consumer behavior can influence CE and L-CT attitude and how the former can be a determinant of the latter. It explores also motivations to share utilities and the knowledge and sensibility towards circular economy. Classification-JEL: Q5, Z3, C38 Keywords: Note: Pages:219-234 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61087&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001011 Number: 11 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61087 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michela Gallo Author-Name: Veronica Marotta Author-Name: Fabio Magrassi Author-Name: Angela Celeste Taramasso Author-Name: Adriana Del Borghi Title: University campus waste prevention and reduction: A circular-economy approach Abstract: One of the most important challenges to improve sustainability is the management of climate change and the reduction of green house gas emissions. In 2014 the University of Genoa and the Ministry of the Environment signed an agreement to assess the Carbon foot-print of the university, in order to promote the mitigation of climate change and to study possible innovative solutions to reduce the environmental burdens. Following the agreement, the university want to implement a project for the sustainable management of waste within it. A circular economy methodology has been used to implement a project that will help in diminish the pollutants impacts deriving from the waste management recovering and recycling high quality materials. In cooperation with municipal local companies for the management of waste, the project foresees to implement studies and research in the field of guidelines, attitudes and behaviour of the population towards the recovery, recycling and reuse, pushing for a transition to a circular economic approach. Considered the lack of an accounting model and monitoring of waste products it has been decided to implement it. Waste produced by the university have been estimated and calculated through experiments and on field analyses and its GHG potential have been evaluated through a LCA methodology. The general outcome of this research shows that it is possible to create a circular economy model applicable to other universities and medium-sized communities, even if future development are presented in order to improve future investigation. Classification-JEL: Q53, L30, O3 Keywords: Note: Pages:235-252 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61088&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001012 Number: 12 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61088 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Gianluca Grilli Title: Renewable energy and willingness to pay: Evidences from a meta-analysis Abstract: In the present paper, the relevant literature in the field of willingness to pay (WTP) for green electricity has been reviewed and collected. It was attempted to provide an overview of the research carried out so far and possible future areas of investigation. Globally, 34 papers, containing 151 observations, were gathered and included in a meta-regression. The econometric analysis was conducted with the aid of weighted least square models. The main objective of the proposed work is to understand the effects of some country-level variables on the stated willingness to pay for renewable energy, as well as, survey specific variables. In particular, it was found that the present level of CO2 emissions, the share of renewables and the specification of the energy source in the scenario are positively related to the stated. The actual level of energy consumption, conversely, has a negative effect on WTP. Interestingly, producing nuclear energy contributes to lower the stated WTP for renewables. In terms of WTP, on average people are willing to contribute to RE with 13.29 USD per month. The use of biomass for energy has a lower stated WTP, of 11.02 USD. WTP for wind and solar were assessed to be very similar, of about 14.14.66 USD and 14.40 USD, respectively. Eventually, WTP for hydropower and geothermal energy was of 9.57 USD and 36.90 USD. The present study also suggests that more research would be helpful in the renewable energy field, in particular in developing countries. Classification-JEL: C21, D61, Q42 Keywords: Note: Pages:253-271 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61089&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001013 Number: 13 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61089 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ehsan Rasoulinezhad Author-Name: Farhad Taghizadeh-Hesary Title: A new evidence on the CIS?s environmental pollution-macroeoconmic variables relationship Abstract: This research explores the long-run and causal link between renewable and non-renewable (fossil fuels) energy consumption in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) with CO2 emissions and Real GDP per capita, by using three control variables, namely industrialization, the composite trade intensity and financial openness. Using panel data pattern from 1992 to 2016 and employing the Pesaran?s CD test, the CADF panel unit root test, the FMOLS panel cointegration estimation method and panel causality test, the main empirical results provide evidence supporting that in the long-run, there is a uni-directional relationship running from economic growth to renewable energy consumption. Furthermore, in the short-run, there is a uni-directional short-run panel causality running from industrialization- renewable energy use, economic growth, industrialization, financial openness and trade openness to CO2 emissions, and from fossil fuel energy consumption to renewable energy use, while there is a bi-directional trade openness- financial openness, economic growth- renewable energy use, economic growth-non-renewable energy consumption, in-dustrialization- non-renewable energy use, economic growth-industrialization, and CO2 emissions- fossil fuel energy consumption causality relationship. Classification-JEL: G20, F12 Keywords: Note: Pages:273-293 Volume: 2017/1-2 Year: 2017 Issue:1-2 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=61090&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-001014 Number: 14 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=61090