Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michel Damian Author-Name: Luigi De Paoli Title: Climate change: Back to development Abstract: The Paris Agreement has created a double bifurcation. First, from top-down approach (with an emissions limit imposed from above) to a bottom-up approach based on national emissions reduction pledges. And second, from a mitigation-centered policy to a more balanced mitigation and adaptation efforts. The following work proposes, however, that further steps must be taken to bring the theme of development back to the center of the fight against climate change. The article is divided into four parts. First is a reflection on the fact that mitigation has captured much of the attention during the past twenty years, but that adaptation is progressively gaining importance in policies to combat climate change. The next section explains why, starting from the Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992, the objective of the "stabilization of greenhouse gases concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system" has led first to define the increase of 2 ? C as the limit not to be exceeded, then to the search for an equivalent level of CO2 concentration and last to the related carbon budget. The third part shows why the goal of not exceeding the 2 ? C temperature increase is illusory when considering the discrepancy between actual mitigation policies and theoretical commitments required based on the data presented by the IPCC. Even salvation coming from negative emission technologies at the moment seems more theoretical than real. The final conclusions state that, given the insufficiency of the mitigation tools, adaptation must be taken seriously - not as a passive solution, but as a conception of a different kind of development, which is required not only to fight climate change, but also for other purposes. . Classification-JEL: Q54, F53, Q01 Keywords: Note: Pages:5-24 Volume: 2017/3 Year: 2017 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=62149&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-003001 Number: 1 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=62149 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Disa Asplund Title: The temporal aspects of the social cost of greenhouse gases Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the temporal aspects of the social cost of greenhouse gases (GHGs), that is, timing of emissions, discounting, type of GHG (where different GHGs have different atmospheric lifetimes), and the influence of calculation period on model results. I show graphically how the social costs of GHGs depend on different parameter values and how the global damage potentials for methane and sulfur hexafluoride evolve over time. I find that the calculation period ultimately should be modeled to be consistent with the discount rate and that the "global-warming potential" concept is unsuitable for calculating the social cost of GHGs other than carbon dioxide. The results are consistent with previous research on these matters. Classification-JEL: Q54 Keywords: Note: Pages:25-39 Volume: 2017/3 Year: 2017 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=62150&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-003002 Number: 2 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=62150 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marco Quatrosi Title: EU ETS revenues and member states investment strategies Abstract: This work investigates on how EU Member States spend their income coming from allowance auctioning within the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). After a brief overview of the principles of an ETS, the analysis focused on the design of an auctioning system. Subsequently, the EU ETS has been taken as practical instance to disentangle the implementation of an auctioning system within a functioning emission scheme. After this, I took the data on auctioning revenues from the EIONET database and deployed a detailed description of each Member State?s spending pattern. Furthermore, I asked each Member State to provide some further information on revenues spending. What emerged is that, in some cases, the data in the EIONET seem to comply with what disclosed by Member States. Yet, those further information shed clearer light on the matter.. Classification-JEL: Q54, Q58 Keywords: Note: Pages:41-57 Volume: 2017/3 Year: 2017 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=62151&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-003003 Number: 3 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=62151 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mukhtar Danladi Galadima Author-Name: Abubakar Wambai Aminu Title: Asymmetric cointegration and causality between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Nigeria Abstract: This paper investigates asymmetric cointegration, asymmetric adjustment, and causality between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using the momentum threshold autoregressive (M-TAR) model and the Granger-causality test in a momentum threshold error correction model (M-TECM). The results revealed evidence of asymmetric cointegration and asymmetric adjustment which suggests that the negative discrepancies from the equilibrium error adjust more rapidly than the positive discrepancies and that there is bidirectional causality between the two variables. The implication of the results is that a shock that decreases the impact of natural gas consumption on economic growth adjusts more rapidly than a shock that increases it and that a consistent natural gas supply increases growth and similarly a rise in growth induces an increase in natural gas consumption. Therefore, policymakers in Nigeria need to confine more attention to the shocks stemming from the decrease in natural gas consumption and the country should adopt energy exploration policies Classification-JEL: C32, Q43, F15 Keywords: Note: Pages:59-71 Volume: 2017/3 Year: 2017 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=62152&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-003004 Number: 4 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=62152 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fazil Gokgoz Author-Name: Serap Pelin Turkoglu Title: Investigating the energy efficiencies of OECD countries via a slack-based undesirable output model Abstract: Energy efficiency has a growing importance both for developed and developing countries within OECD. This study investigates the energy efficiency levels for OECD countries for the 2010-2014 period via a slack-based, undesirable output model, a popular data envelopment analysis (DEA) approach. Efficiency analyses have been carried out with two sub-groups of OECD countries. Within the framework of the DEA analyses, the primary energy consumption, total number of employees and gross capital formation as inputs and CO2 emission and gross domestic product (GDP) as outputs have been selected. In further, a binary logistic regression method has also been applied so as to analyse the factors affecting the energy efficiencies of OECD countries. The effect levels of these factors have been determined by logistic regression analysis. Empirical analyses have shown that minimizing an undesirable output while maximizing desirable outputs for the energy has a crucial role for OECD countries in reducing environmental pollution and increase the competition capacity. Besides, logistic regression results have shown significant results for decision and policy makers in the energy sector. The results of this study show that OECD countries can achieve a good level of energy efficiency if they improve their economic activities by improving their environmental performance. Classification-JEL: C44, C61, C67, Q43 Keywords: Note: Pages:73-94 Volume: 2017/3 Year: 2017 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=62153&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-003005 Number: 5 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=62153 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stanislas N?sperger Author-Name: Christian du Tertre Author-Name: Dominique Osso Author-Name: Fr?d?ric Marteau Title: Towards a territory-based economic model for regional energy efficiency programmes: Learning from past initiatives Abstract: Many Energy Efficiency (EE) programmes have been undertaken in the name of Energy savings and with a view to efficiency-cost assessment. Energy savings targets had to be met. In this case, the relevant question was to find the least expensive way of achieving this when considering a merit order on which EE actions are ordered given a ratio expressed in ?/saved MWh. Many energy suppliers have been involved in this programme in order to meet their EE obligations (e.g. in a white certificate scheme) or in the frame of territorial industrial challenge (undersized energy transport or distribution network for instance). Yet such EE local programmes could be carried out in the frame of self-financed and economically viable activity. However, relevant economic models based on a territorial and multi-partnership approach must be identified. This paper is based on the review of several EE regional programmes with the insight of the functional economic model in order to identify key success factors to the development of such economic models. Findings underlined the crucial importance of the consideration of specific local challenge - beyond energy aspects - when designing an EE scheme, for instance, the problems raised by an aging local population or by increasing fuel poverty. The ability to manage deep partnership with an approach focused on "functional sphere" instead of driven by a traditional sector-based vision is a key point. For instance a comprehensive intermediation activity (technical, financial and professional) is a key added value source to monetize and to convert into financial flow. It is also important to develop a long-term relevant assessment procedure beyond traditional measurable effects (energy savings) and which encompasses intangible effects. These findings should complete popular business-model tools so that this "functional sphere" based vision can be embodied in a more comprehensive, sustainability and territorial-based economic model canvas! Classification-JEL: R11, Q49, O18 Keywords: Note: Pages:95-115 Volume: 2017/3 Year: 2017 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=62154&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2017-003006 Number: 6 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=62154