Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Gull? Title: The design of the tenders for natural gas distribution in Italy: How much are territorial districts really contestable? Abstract: This article is aimed at checking the degree of contestability of the tenders to allocate the right to deliver the natural gas distribution service in Italy. This check is based on the analysis of the general rules provided by the D.M. 12 novembre 2011, n. 226 and subsequent modification. The degree of contestability is evaluated by estimating the presumable number of ?noncaptive? points (out of 100) related to the different criteria. For this purpose, two representative scenarios of the possible calls for tenders are simulated. The paper concludes that this number is relatively limited. Around 15% only (or just above) of the total score would be really "non-captive". Classification-JEL: Q1, Q5, H23, H43 Keywords: Note: Pages:5-29 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65144&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001001 Number: 1 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65144 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luigi De Paoli Author-Name: Patrice Geoffron Title: Introduction. A critical overview of the European National Energy and Climate Plans Abstract: This paper is an introduction to the EPEE?s special issue, which examines nine draft National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs). Firstly, we will briefly review the EU?s energy-climate goals for 2020 and 2030 and we will look at its long-term "climate neutral" vision for 2050. We will then assess how successful or not individual member states were in achieving the EU?s 2020 targets and how they can best achieve 2030 goals. In the third section, we will look at the overall achievement objectives for 2030 based on draft NECPs assessed by the European Commission in June 2019. However, we will express some criticism of the planning process required by the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union. Finally, we will present the findings of expert contributors from nine EU countries - Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain and the United Kingdom - who have assessed their respective countries? energy-climate plans Classification-JEL: Q28, Q48, Q58 Keywords: Note: Pages:31-41 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65145&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001002 Number: 2 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65145 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Reinhard Haas Title: On the draft of the Austrian National Energy and Climate Plan Abstract: The Austrian National Energy and Climate Plan is based on five so-called target dimensions which are: (i) decarbonization, (ii) energy efficiency, (iii) supply security, (iv) market integration and (v) Research and development. In this article the major measures and policies in these target dimensions of the NECP are described. These are considered by the Austrian government to be necessary to achieve the objectives of the Energy Union. These measures are all planned to be taken between now and 2030. Similar measures already implemented in many areas of action, which need to be adapted or further strengthened. Other action lines include entirely new measures, particularly in those areas where the use of new technologies and solutions requires adapted instruments. However, in the public, the EU and Austrian NGOs the draft of the NECP has been heavily criticized and more ambitious actions have been requested. Classification-JEL: Q28, Q48, Q58 Keywords: Note: Pages:43-55 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65146&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001003 Number: 3 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65146 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Erik Laes Author-Name: Aviel Verbruggen Title: Meta-review of Belgium?s integrated National Energy and Climate draft Plan 2021-2030 Abstract: The EU energy & climate policy requests from all Member States to submit a National Energy & Climate Plan (NECP) over the year 2019, to reach the aggregate goals of energy efficiency, renewable energy supplies and greenhouse gas emissions reductions by 2030. The complicated Belgian context is briefly described. Then the many comments on Belgium?s draft NECP are summarized and annotated. Commentators are the European Commission, various statutory advisory councils on energy and climate policies, NGOs, consultants, etc. The draft plan requires significant improvement for meeting the formal standards imposed by the EU framework. More problematic however are the doubts about the actual capability of Belgium to realize the paper & ink commitments. Delving into the draft NECP and the abundant comments created a growing insight that the bureaucratic NECP approach of the European Commission is obsolete and dysfunctional. For addressing the energy & climate challenges, urgent & drastic, i.e. disruptive transformation is requested. Hence, disruptive thinking, novel frameworks and approaches should prevail. Classification-JEL: D71, D78, Q28, Q58 Keywords: Note: Pages:57-72 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65147&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001004 Number: 4 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65147 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Michel Cruciani Author-Name: Patrice Geoffron Title: The French Energy & Climate draft Plan Abstract: Since the French NECP is "embedded" in a now long period of energy transformations, the credibility of this plan must be confronted with the recurring difficulties observed in the implementation of the French energy transition strategy. On one side, this whole process is very ambitious, in line with the French commitment during the COP 21, and accelerates the implementation of the commitment under the Paris Agreement (OECD, 2016). But on the other side, much uncertainty persists. Those uncertainties include: the way and time horizon for reduction of nuclear power; the development of potential substitutes for fossil fuels; the effectiveness of demand side measures. All things considered, while the French commitment to an energy transition is credible, the implementation of a coherent governance system remains challenging in France. Classification-JEL: K32, P18, Q54 Keywords: Note: Pages:73-84 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65148&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001005 Number: 5 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65148 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marius Buchmann Author-Name: Julia Kusznir Author-Name: Gert Brunekreeft Title: Assessment of the drafted German integrated National Energy and Climate Plan Abstract: Germany is struggling to meet its 2020 greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and climate goals. Against this background, we analyze the current draft National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) that sets out how Germany aims to achieve its national and European climate goals by 2030. We introduce the current stage of the country?s climate policy and, by looking at the different emission reduction measures under discussion, examine why Germany will probably miss its CO2 emissions reduction goals. We conclude that, based on the climate package announced in September 2019, Germany will get closer to the achievement of its 2030 targets than was anticipated in the NECP draft; nevertheless, the new climate package leaves a significant gap between the new measures and the 2030 climate goals. Classification-JEL: L38, L98, Q28, Q48, Q58 Keywords: Note: Pages:85-96 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65149&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001006 Number: 6 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65149 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luigi De Paoli Title: The Italian draft National Energy-Climate Plan Abstract: The Italian draft National Energy-Climate Plan (NECP), in accordance with the requirements of the Regulation on the Governance of the EU Energy Union, deals with the five dimensions of the Energy Union. However, energy security, the internal energy market and research, innovation and competitiveness are not examined in this paper. The present assessment of the Italian energy-climate plan proposal is limited to three dominant objectives: decarbonization, energy efficiency (or better: energy savings) and the deployment of renewables. This paper reviews the contents of the 2030 objectives and the tools proposed to achieve them and expresses an overall assessment of the NECP proposal presented by the Italian Government. Globally, the targets presented by Italy for 2030 are slightly higher than those assigned by the EU: 34.6% instead of 33% for emission reduction compared to 2005, a 30% instead of 29% share of energy from renewables in gross final consumption and an approximate 40% reduction of the energy demand instead of 32.5% (compared to the baseline scenario for 2030 of PRIMES 2007, which remains the reference of the European EED). The proposed objectives are ambitious and demonstrate Italy?s full adherence to the long-term vision of the EU Commission, which judged them positively in its assessment. The proposed interventions are very numerous and concern all economic sectors. Their implementation requires a capacity of the public administration which is not always available in Italy, which is also due to an institutional system that requires a high level of coordination between the various stakeholders. The intervention tools indicated are not novel with respect to those developed and used in the past. Furthermore, in some cases they are generic and in other cases, the concrete measures only cover a limited period and therefore only partially guarantee the achievement of the set objectives. This way of proceeding, although criticized by the Commission in its assessment of the Italian NECP, preserves comprehensible and indeed desirable degrees of flexibility due to the impossibility of predicting the evolution of variables such as technology, international prices or the response of private subjects to public interventions over a long period of time. However, if the results were not in line with expectations, action should be taken promptly, which is problematic given the time required for public decisions in Italy. Classification-JEL: Q28, Q48, Q58 Keywords: Note: Pages:97-118 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65150&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001007 Number: 7 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65150 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Elena Fumagalli Author-Name: Sanne Akerboom Title: Dutch climate and energy policy: Targets and progress for 2020 and 2030 Abstract: The Netherlands has formulated ambitious energy and climate targets for 2030: 49% CO2 emission reduction by 2030 and 80 to 95% by 2050 in comparison to 1990. This target has been laid down in a Climate Act and pathways to meet this target have been negotiated and agreed upon in a public-private Climate Agreement, which will be signed in 2019. This way, the Netherlands has its ?greenest government? ever and by means of the dual approach - Climate Act in accordance with a Climate Agreement, the Netherlands is set out to become a sustainability leader. Yet, the Netherlands lags behind on meeting the European Union targets for 2020: 20% energy efficiency, 20% share of renewable energy, translated to 14% for the Netherlands and 20% CO2 emission reduction. In other words, catching up and becoming a leader will present a challenge. The objective of the present paper is to introduce and discuss the Dutch climate and energy policy, looking back at the decade 2000-2020 first, and then addressing the vision for the next decade (2020-2030). By doing so, an analysis is provided of the instruments introduced to support the pathways to meet the targets, exposing some issues and even some contradictions in Dutch policy. This paper is timely, as the minister of Economic Affairs and Climate Policy has introduced a legislative agenda in September 2019, of Acts to be updated or introduced in order to execute and realize the Climate Act and Climate Agreement successfully. This paper will contribute to the consistency of the policy and instruments to be introduced. Classification-JEL: K32, L52, L9, Q28, Q58 Keywords: Note: Pages:119-147 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65151&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001008 Number: 8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marcin Pluta Author-Name: Wojciech Suwala Author-Name: Artur Wyrwa Title: Review of the Polish integrated National Energy and Climate draft Plan 2021-2030 Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to review the main content of the draft version of the National Energy and Climate Plan for the years 2021-2030 of Poland. The main objectives, targets, policies and measures are described. Tools planned to be used to achieve the goals are presented. Ambitiousness of the plan, probability of achieving the objectives and difficulties that may be encountered in implementing the envisaged policies are discussed. The transformation of the Polish power sector, which has the biggest share in GHG emissions from all ETS sectors, has already begun. It is expected that the share of coal in the electricity generation mix will drop from the current ca. 77% to 60% in 2030. The biggest challenge in the non-ETS sector will be to achieve emission reduction targets in the transport sector. Emissions from transport are rising and are expected to continue to rise as a result of economic development and increasing passenger and freight transport. Classification-JEL: Q28, Q48, Q58 Keywords: Note: Pages:149-160 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65152&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001009 Number: 9 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65152 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Pedro Linares Title: The Spanish National Energy and Climate Plan Abstract: The Spanish National Energy and Climate Plan has been considered by many as one of the most ambitious ones presented in Europe. The Plan envisages a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in 2030 of 21% compared to 1990; a 42% share of energy end-use from renewables (74% in electricity generation); and a 39.6% improvement in energy efficiency. These targets, which go well beyond those agreed previously for Spain with the European Commission, are feasible, and widely shared by many stakeholders. However, for this Plan to become a reality, and for the economic opportunities it presents to materialize, more effort has to be put on the means deployed to achieve the ends desired. More ambition is needed in the detail, funding and innovation of the policies that will allow to meet the targets and to take advantage of the development opportunities. In particular, a stronger emphasis should be placed on the role of taxation and economic instruments, as proven tools to achieve these targets efficiently; and on the innovation and industrial policy required to generate jobs and economic development domestically. Classification-JEL: Q47, Q54, L52 Keywords: Note: Pages:161-172 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65153&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001010 Number: 10 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65153 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Steve Thomas Title: The UK National Energy and Climate Plan Abstract: The UK?s draft Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan has been heavily criticised by its independent panel set up to advise on climate change, the Committee on Climate Change (CCC). The CCC found that the UK was not prepared for the likely temperature increases, that policies were not sufficient to meet the targets for the period up to 2032 and that policies for sectors other than electricity needed to be strengthened. The European Commission had some criticisms but in view of the UK?s plans to leave the European Union, they are likely to have little impact. Classification-JEL: Q28, Q48, Q58 Keywords: Note: Pages:173-179 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65154&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001011 Number: 11 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65154 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Disa Asplund Title: Combining discounting and distributional weights. Lessons from climate change economic assessments Abstract: In some cost benefit analysis (CBA) applications, such as those used for the valuation of climate change damage, distributional weights are used to account for diminishing utility of marginal consumption. This is usually done by means of intra-temporal distributional weights, which are combined with discounting to account for inter-temporal equity and efficiency. Sometimes region-specific discount rates have used to account for differences in projected growth across geographical areas. Here I show that if intra-temporal distributional weights are used in combination with endogenous and region-specific discount rates, then this will lead to a double counting of per capita economic growth. This problem has been known for some years now - in the tight circle of top climate economist - but the peer-reviewed literature has been rather implicit about the matter. The contribution of this paper is therefore to make the problem explicit by handle it formally, and to expand its generality somewhat. It is demonstrated - using the PAGE2002 model - that correct the way of combining distributional weights and discounting yield about 20-30% higher estimates than the incorrect method. . Classification-JEL: C69, H23, H43, Q54 Keywords: Note: Pages:181-201 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65155&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001012 Number: 12 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65155 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Andrea Molocchi Author-Name: Emanuela Recchini Author-Name: Angelica Tudini Title: Polluter Pays Principle in power production to gradually phase-out fossil fuels in Italy Abstract: The paper provides an analysis of Italian environmental taxes on electricity production and consumption in order to verify their consistency with the Polluters Pays Principle (PPP). The environmental external costs of air emissions generated by Italian thermal power plants are compared to environmental taxes paid by the same plants (fuel excise duties, SO2/NOx tax, ETS and levy on energy producers). As a basis for the comparison, the paper applies the methods for environmental external costs assessment recommended by the National Guidelines for the Evaluation of Investment Projects (2017). The PPP comparison highlights that the external costs related to thermal power plants emissions amount to about ? 9,400 million (53.8 euro per MWh produced) whereas only ? 350 million are actually paid through the above-mentioned environmental taxes (3.8% of the external costs generated). Indeed, the environmental taxes directly paid by all electricity customers in their bills (excise duty on electricity, system charges for subsidising renewable energy sources) are of the same order of magnitude of the external costs of power plants. However, seen from the PPP point of view, these two taxes have the drawback of environmental tax payment being made also by "green" customers, i.e. whose electricity is bought with the guarantee of being "produced from renewable energy sources". The authors argue that environmental taxes directly falling on electricity producers are consistent with the PPP and provide in principle a better price signal to electricity markets, rather than environmental taxes directly paid by customers. Shifting current environmental taxes from electricity consumption to production would support the implementation of two of the main targets of the National Energy Strategy (2017), such as the progressive phase-out of coal at 2025 and the 55% RES electric target at 2030, while increasing the coherence and fairness of taxes paid on electricity. Classification-JEL: H23, Q48, Q42, Q51 Keywords: Note: Pages:203-228 Volume: LXI Year: 2019 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=65156&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:efeefe:v:html10.3280/EFE2019-001013 Number: 13 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=65156