Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Tito Bianchi Author-Name: Guido Pellegrini Author-Name: Mauro Masselli Title: L'efficacia economico-sociale dei Contratti di Programma. I risultati di una ricerca valutativa Abstract: Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:5-27 Volume: 2008/3 Year: 2008 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=35063&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:restre:v:html10.3280/Rest2008-003001 Number: 1 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rinaldo Evangelista Title: La valutazione del Contratto di Programma SGS-Thomson Abstract: La valutazione del Contratto di Programma SGS-Thomson - An evaluation of the SGS-Thomson Contratto di Programma Objectives This article contains the main results of an evaluation study of the effects of a conspicuous financial support provided by the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finance to ST-Microelectronics (through a Contratto di Programma CdP) during the period 1997-2000 to implement a large-scaled industrial and R&D project in the area of Catania. Methods and Results The study has been carried out using both quantitative and qualitative evidences collected through an a-hoc survey. The overall picture emerging from this study is largely positive: the industrial project has been successfully completed and the contractual commitments fulfilled. Furthermore, the CdP has produced clear additional economic and technological outcomes with no crowding-out effects. Conclusions Despite there is no doubt about the overall effectiveness of this policy intervention some problematic points do nonetheless emerge. The largest and more visible effects of the CdP have been captured by SGS-Thomson. The strong dependence of the local economic system on ST-Microelectronics has been further reinforced and this could represent at the same time a strength and a weakness of the Etna Valley model. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:28-48 Volume: 2008/3 Year: 2008 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=35064&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:restre:v:html10.3280/Rest2008-003002 Number: 2 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marianna Mantuano Author-Name: Anna Giunta Title: Incentivi pubblici ai consorzi di imprese: valutazione del Contratto di Programma UniCa Abstract: Public Incentives to Firms Consortium: Evaluation of the UniCa Contratto di Programma - Objectives The aim of this paper is to assess both the efficiency and the efficacy of the Contratto di Programma drawn up with UniCa, a consortium of 33 small firms located in the province of Caserta, operating in the footwear industry. In particular, assessment will focus on: a) efficiency in terms of prompt implementation of the CdP; b) the socio-economic effects of incentives; c) the importance of incentives in modifying the choices of the consortium firms; d) the effective functionality of the consortium in the production of club goods. Methods and Results The case study methodology was applied. To this end use was made of various data sources and face-to-face interviews carried out in a period from November 2005 to March 2006, with sixteen firms, that had made use of the planning contract incentives, and well-informed observers. The article shows that: a) firms responded positively when questioned about the time taken for negotiation and implementation of the contract; b) the incentive had significant effect on the firms? investment decisions, while no temporal or territorial additionality was observed; c) the 2006 increase in employment proved less than originally contracted for, while information and agglomeration economies were noted, as well as an increase in local purchases; d) suboptimal use of the consortium was noted: in fact, after five years? operation by the UniCa consortium there was no evidence of production of club goods such as the UniCa brand, export consortium or acquisition of quality certification. Moreover, the article evidences very low Ministry guidance, showing incapacity to come up with any solutions to the classical dilemma facing collective action. Conclusions The paper concludes that corrective measures are called for in the design of the consortium planning contracts to enhance their efficacy. The need appears to be for planner self-investment in order to: a) achieve sound evaluation (ex-ante, in itinere, ex-post); b) guarantee that negotiation be conducted in such a way that the essential points of the policy maker?s aims can be achieved: additional investment, increased employment, generation of agglomeration external economies, and effective coordination of the agents? activities for the production of club goods. In particular, bearing in mind that the time factor plays an important part in the success of a consortium, a deferred incentive structure should be created, correlated with the result the consortium achieves in the years subsequent to its constitution. At the same time, in order to avoid the maverick hazards of discretionality, procedure should not be too ad hoc. Thus the need would be for evaluation guidelines and reward criteria to be transparent and maintained for all the projects. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:49-68 Volume: 2008/3 Year: 2008 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=35065&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:restre:v:html10.3280/Rest2008-003003 Number: 3 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Piera Magnatti Title: Contratti di Programma e multinazionali: il caso Barilla Abstract: Contratti di Programma and Multinational Companies: Barilla Case-study - Objectives The study aimed at evaluating the socio-economic effectiveness of Contratto di Programma signed with Barilla according to the following perspectives: a) additionality; b) local impact; c) effects on the beneficiary (Barilla). Methods Four research activities have been undertaken: 1. the analysis of Contratto di Programma: its origin, objectives, contents and evolution; 2. the firm: its history, performances and post-Contract conduct; 3. the local context and its performances; 4. the sector and its performances. The study has relied on the following sources: the official documentation concerning the Contratto di Programma; the economic press; the economic and financial reports of the companies belonging to the Barilla Group; the official statistics; interviews undertaken with Barilla, the local Administrations and the socioeconomic parties, the University of Foggia, the Government. The results of the study have been influenced by different factors: a) the multiregional approach of the CdP; b) the varies typologies of investment included in the CdP; c) the frequent changes that hare affected the content of the CdP; d) the reorganisation processes that have affected Barilla in that period. Results The study has brought to light various positive aspects concerning the effectiveness of this Contratto di Programma: on the one side, the public incentive has partially influenced the choices of the entrepreneur regarding the localisation of the investment, from the other side important effects have been determined on the local context, in particular on the quality and quantity of the generated employment. Moreover, the analysis of the impact of the CdP on the company has determined positive effects, in particular on process and product innovation (the Foggia plant was considered the jewel of the Group), that have contributed to maintain the competitiveness of the enterprise high. Conclusions Along with the positive effects reported above, some critical considerations concerning the characteristics of the Contratto di Programma emerged. The mechanisms of this incentive tool appeared not completely clear, in particular as far as the selection of the projects (and of the beneficiaries) concerned, with an important role of the so-called political control over decisions (that means a nearly total absence of predefined rules governing the process). Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:69-83 Volume: 2008/3 Year: 2008 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=35066&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:restre:v:html10.3280/Rest2008-003004 Number: 4 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Prota Title: Valutazione dell'efficacia economico-sociale dei Contratti di Programma: il caso Getrag Abstract: Evaluation of Socio-economic Effectiveness of the Contratti di Programma: Getrag Case-study - Objectives Aim of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of the Contratto di Programma whose beneficiary was the German multinational Getrag GMBH. Methods and Results The method proposed in the paper is based on the auto-evaluation from the players interested by the policy instrument and on the analysis of the policy instrument impact on the local economy by several socio-economic indicators. Results of the analysis show that the policy instrument we study (i) made it possible to attract in an Italian Mezzogiorno region a relevant industrial investment that in absence of public incentives would be localized in a different area; (ii) had positive effect on local economy especially in terms of creation of skilled employment and increase in the international openness. Anyway it was not very effective in terms of creation of strong links with other local players (for instance there have not been knowledge spillover, as a consequence of the research activity of the firm, or spin off). Conclusions To conclude, it seems that the Contratto di Programma, whose beneficiary was the Getrag GMBH, had the main positive impacts on the labor market, in terms of increase in employment and creation of skilled workforce, and the international openness of local economy. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:84-100 Volume: 2008/3 Year: 2008 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=35067&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:restre:v:html10.3280/Rest2008-003005 Number: 5 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Giuseppe Di Giacomo Author-Name: Antonio Purpura Title: La valutazione del Contratto di Programma "Texas Instruments": un'analisi dei principali effetti territoriali e innovativi Abstract: The Evaluation of Effectiveness of "Texas Isnstruments" Contratto di Programma: a Firm Level and Territorial Analysis Objectives. The aim of this paper is the evaluation of a Contratto di Programma placed in Abruzzo and financed in 1989 with 1,62 billion lire of investment implying a cost for the State of 0,56 billion. The paper is organized in two sections. First of all, we present a detailed description of main characteristics of negotiations and of the evolution of the CdP during the times; second, we analyse the impact of the CdP on firm level and on the local system. Methods and Results The methodology adopted is the case study and is essentially based on a detailed description of the process of definition and implementation of the CdP through individual interviews on a panel of privileged actors (entrepreneurs, trade unions, researchers, policy makers) and using information drown from firm?s balance sheets, administrative document of the contract plan, and official statistics. The results is a causal and explanatory analysis of the contract planning and its effects. Conclusions The conclusion of our paper underline that interest in the planning contracts can be attributed to the possibility of offering a flexible mix of public incentive on physical investment and research and development. The main result is that this kind of incentives is effective when it is designed as far as possible to suit specific case and foster local linkages, so that it may attract productive capital from the stronger areas to the least developed ones. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:101-128 Volume: 2008/3 Year: 2008 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=35068&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:restre:v:html10.3280/Rest2008-003006 Number: 6 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Rosanna Nistic? Title: Inefficenza pubblica e fallimento privato: il caso Gtc Abstract: Public Inefficiency and Private Failure: the Gtc Case Objectives. This essay examines the Contratto di Programma between Gtc S.p.a., Gepi S.p.a. and the Italian Government signed in 1990 in order to implement in Castrovillari, in the Calabria region, a high technology cotton textile pole. Throughout the duration of the CdP a number of relevant institutional changes gave rise to delays in the payment of public funds, making it difficult for the private party to carry on the initial project as planned. So, the investment projects were revised and reduced by means of a new agreement between parties, called Convenzione di aggiornamento. In consequence of the serious difficulties in firm?s management and finance, the Gtc company went into liquidation in 1998. The CdP was partially revoked in 2001, as regards two unfulfilled projects (the Research Centre and the Research Project). Methods and Results This case-study has been carried out both by means of interviews with several protagonists of this experience (the entrepreneur, trade-unionists, ex Gtc workers) and the examination of official documents from Government archives. Conclusions Three main suggestions on improving the efficacy and efficiency of CdP stem from this case study: i) the importance of considering the internal coherence of the measures, making each single project in the CdP able not just to coexist, but also to evolve together; ii) the necessity of taking into account the different interests of each contractual party in carrying out all the project included in the Contract; iii) the importance of aligning the time of bureaucracy with the firm?s time given the importance of market and financial constraints. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:129-146 Volume: 2008/3 Year: 2008 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=35069&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:restre:v:html10.3280/Rest2008-003007 Number: 7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Francesco Silvestri Title: Interesse privato e /scarsa produzione di beni pubblici: i Contratti saras S.p.a. Abstract: Private Interest and (Inadequate) Production of Public Goods: the Contratto di Programma involving Saras co. - Objectives This work deals with the CdP stipulated by refining oil company Saras between 1995 al 2004, the only case that see the same industrial partner being granted by three consecutive Contracts. The research was aimed to understand some main topics: in which measure and how public incentives affected the company?s choice with respect to size, place and timing of investments; which items affected more final decisions and results, and what kind of long-run effects public supported investments had on local development from a socio-economic perspective. Methods and Results The study has been carried on through documental investigation (Industry Ministry Archive), literature analysis, statistical elaborations, and direct interviews (both vis-?-vis and on the telephone) with managers of Saras and of other involved companies, local unionists, university professors, and experts. Statistical elaborations has been based on official Italian Census and Finance Ministry (Income Department) data, and from Sardinia Economic Observatory data. Finally, with the help of fiscal experts we checked up official balance sheets of Saras co. and of controlled firms. The main result of the analysis is that we can really see a push for local social-economic welfare in last years, but we can hardly accredit it to CdP working. Conclusions In all three contract, industrial plans presented by Saras were composed of a main part aiming at financing capital intensive activities of renewal/revamp/enlargement of plant infrastructures (with 80% of free public funds), and a second independent part (with a lower quota of public financing, but incomparably less costly) addressed to develop research projects of almost no interest for the proponent, to attempt a diversification in new labour intensive activities with few relationships with Saras? core business, and with a small probability to endure. In practice, Saras was heavily compensated on its core business to sell requested public goods produced in parallel sectors (namely employment), where the firm had no skills at all. In the wellknown tradition of Contract Theory, the public part of the transaction suffered from adverse selection, being captured by the private supplier, but making no effort to avoid this unsatisfactory (on effectiveness basis) result. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:147-163 Volume: 2008/3 Year: 2008 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=35070&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:restre:v:html10.3280/Rest2008-003008 Number: 8 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ignazio Vinci Title: Delocalizzazione produttiva ad effetti territoriali complessi: il caso del Contratto di Programma Tar? Industriale Abstract: Territorial Innovation through Productive Delocalization: the Case of the Contratto di Programma Tar? Industriale in Campania - Objectives This article is a synthetic report of a one-year research aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the CdP signed by "Tar? Industriale", a consortium of small firms operating in the sector of jewellery in Campania. The consortium have joined about 50 enterprises which were previously located in Borgo Orefici, an old discrict in the historic centre of Naples. The CdP is a tool for the promotion of industrial development in Southern regions adopted by the Italian government in 1986, aiming at coordinating productive investments with technological innovation and employment development policies. The CdP "Tar? Industriale" outcome is the Centro Orafo "Il Tar?" in Marcianise, a new business district holding more than 370 firms in the jewellery sector. Methods and Results The overall objectives of the research were evaluating the role of the CdP in influencing the firms? decisions and assessing the direct and indirect impact of the investment towards the economic sector at local and regional level. According to these purposes, the research have been carried out through different analytical approaches. First, the analysis of statistical sources brought to consider the dynamics of the economic sector, whose trends have strongly affected the performance of the local firms during the last decades. Secondly, with the contribution of the (former and present) management of the consortium, it has been analysed the process of implementation of the CdP. This phase provided an interesting cross-section of the local milieu before the investment and helped to comprehend the reasons that brought the entrepreneurs of Borgo Orefici to start the new industrial project. Interviews were also carried out with severel members of the consortium, in order to evaluate the satisfaction with the planning initiative and the impact of the new business district on their economic performances. Conclusions The research provided interesting evidences both from the economic and the policy- making point of views. On the one hand, it has been demonstrated that the CdP may not be considered the only spur for the delocalization process. The raise of environmental and crimes problems in Borgo Orefici would have led the most dynamic firms to relocate their business all the same. An other critical result is the poor contribution of the CdP in stimulating research activities and technological innovation. On the other, it is largely recognized that, in the absence of the CdP, the new business district would have been planned in a less sophisticated way. This regards particularly the providing of services for commercial activities (such as marketing and event management) and the implementation of a training programme. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:164-184 Volume: 2008/3 Year: 2008 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=35071&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:restre:v:html10.3280/Rest2008-003009 Number: 9 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Marusca De Castris Title: I Contratti di programma per i consorzi di imprese: una valutazione ex-ante Abstract: Incentives to Invest for Consortia of Firms: an ex-ante - Evaluation of Contratti di Programma Objectives The paper presents an ex-ante evaluation of subsidies allocated by Contratti di Programma (CdP) to the consortia of firms in Italy. It is an assessment of the instrument in order to affect the composition of the firms of the consortia and verify if they will co-operate in product or market development. The focus of the paper is the evaluation of three main aspects of the investments generating externalities: the supply chain, the territorial distribution of the initiatives and the product range of all firms inside of the consortia. The general question is if the subsidies lead to a generation of positive externalities for the firms inside the consortium. The theorical analysis suggests that a major concentration of the initiatives in the same region or in the same sector and in the same supply chain can create positive aggregation externalities. Methods and Results The study is based on a statistical analysis of data from administrative archives and official statistics. Data are organized in a database by single initiative. Each initiative is classified by Contratto di Programma, local labour system, economic sector and supply chain. Also investment, public subsidy and new jobs are presented by initiative. Territorial concentration, sectorial and supply chain heterogeneity are measured by a statistical index of concentration and heterogeneity. The results show a strong territorial concentration of investments inside the consortia but also high product heterogeneity. Conclusions Several consortia can ex-ante generate positive externalities through the realisation of their investment and they should be incentivated. On the other hand, exist consortia that generate only weak externalities due to the dispersion of the initiatives inside the region, the economic sector and the supply chain. The incentive to consortia helps to coordinate the investments but it is not always able to bring together firms to co-operate. The results suggest that policy makers should subsidize investment aggregated in consortia only if the coherence and cohesion of the investment is high enough to generate positive externalities. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:185-206 Volume: 2008/3 Year: 2008 Issue:3 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=35072&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:restre:v:html10.3280/Rest2008-003010 Number: 10