Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Stefano Solari Title: Leopold Kohr theorist of economic decentralisation Abstract: The work of Leopold Kohr has attracted attention from social scientists in the field of international political studies, but few political economists have studied his theoretical argument in detail. Few students have tried to unite economic and polit-ical arguments to understand his contribution in a more analytical way. We will argue that Kohr?s principal theory (diseconomies of scale) was inherently econom-ic, an attempt to elaborate on the concept of scale in a broader perspective and in a more complex way, including the idea of quality and, in particular, power rela-tions. In this paper, we try to make sense of Kohr?s idea of decentralisation by studying his contributions from a political economy perspective. Moreover, con-clusions will be drawn that relate Kohr?s view to present-day governance problems in the European Monetary Union, in which actual governance reflects all dangers that this scholar feared. Classification-JEL: B31, O21, P48, P51 Keywords: Note: Pages:15-19 Volume: 9 Year: 2020 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=68129&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:spespe:v:html10.3280/SPE2020-001001 Number: 1 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=68129 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Mario Pomini Title: Interpreting the path of Italian economic thought: The contribution of Eraldo Fossati Abstract: In this article, we focus on the figure of Eraldo Fossati, He was a protagonist of the development of Italian economic thought in the central decades of the last century. At the beginning he tried to dynamize the Paretian theory of general equilibrium. In the first phase he emphasized the role of true uncertainty following the Austrian tradition. Ended a short corporatist parenthesis, after the second world war he supported the Keynesian theory and made an original proposal to reconcile Pareto and Keynes, considering the latter not as a revolutionary economist but rather as an innovator who furnished new tools to understanding the real workings of contemporary economic systems with their chronic unemployment. In fact, after the Second World War Fossati was one of the main exponents of the Keynesian turn in Italy. Classification-JEL: B20, B21, B31 Keywords: Note: Pages:21-39 Volume: 9 Year: 2020 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=68130&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:spespe:v:html10.3280/SPE2020-001002 Number: 2 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=68130 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Miguel D. Ramirez Title: Capital as a social process: A Marxian perspective Abstract: This paper analyzes the very important notion of capital from a Marxian perspective as opposed to a neoclassical one. It is argued that when capital is viewed as a historically determined social process (relation), rather than as a thing or a col-lection of things, it tends to assume certain specific forms more often than others depending on the particular stage of economic history. Capital thus refers simulta-neously to social relations and to things. Given this frame of reference, notions such as money and property capital are more easily accommodated and conse-quently are not written off as financial or fictitious capital - not real capital because they produce nothing. The paper also focuses on Marx?s important analy-sis of the time of production and the turnover of capital in terms of the production of surplus-value (profit). It then examines Marx?s equally important and prescient analysis of how the turnover speed of capital is affected by the time of circulation of commodities (the realization of surplus-value) and the growing use of credit (in its various forms) in the capitalist system. Finally, the paper turns its attention to the economic role of time as it relates to interest - bearing capital - one whose clear comprehension rests on viewing capital as a social construct. Classification-JEL: B10; B14; B24 Keywords: Note: Pages:41-71 Volume: 9 Year: 2020 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=68131&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:spespe:v:html10.3280/SPE2020-001003 Number: 3 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=68131 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Fiorenza Manzalini Title: Turgot, the Fondations and the questionv of social needs Abstract: This paper focuses on the entry Fondation, compiled by Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot and published in 1757 in the Encyclop?die. Turgot analyzes the phenome-non of fondations from the socio-economic point of view. In order to assess whether these ancient institutions were suitable for a society moving towards modernity, he uses public utility as the sole criterion of assessment. According to Turgot, the fondations were an obstacle to free enterprise and free market, as on the one hand they accumulated and immobilized capital by subtracting it from productive and profitable investments and, on the other hand, they provided assis-tance and charity without adequate labour promotion by encouraging idleness. Also for these reasons Turgot is in favour of the suppression of these ancient institutions and he prefers the figure of the individual, active and responsible, or free associations of individuals. However, Turgot?s attack on fondations seems only one aspect of his broader criticism of all the institutions that were supporting the ancient social order. Classification-JEL: B1, B15, E02, H75, I3, N33 Keywords: Note: Pages:73-95 Volume: 9 Year: 2020 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=68132&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:spespe:v:html10.3280/SPE2020-001004 Number: 4 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=68132 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ivo Maes Author-Name: Sabine P?ters Title: Niels Thygesen: An Academic in the Making of European Monetary Union Abstract: Niels Thygesen (born 1934) played for nearly five decades an influential role as a policy orientated academic, especially in the process of economic and monetary integration in Europe. He is especially known as a member of the Delors Committee and as the first Chair of the European Fiscal Board. As part of a re-search program on collecting memories, this paper publishes the results of several interviews with him. His early life offers insightful observations on the develop-ment of the economics profession in the postwar years (he was close to Nobel Prize laureates as Franco Modigliani and Milton Friedman). Thygesen?s involvement with the process of European monetary integration really started in 1974 with his membership of the Marjolin Committee (which provided an assessment of the failure of the 1970 Werner Report). Since then he has been involved in a multitude of committees and initiatives, like the OPTICA groups, the All Saints Day Manifes-to, the Committee for Monetary Union in Europe (an initiative of Giscard and Schmidt) and the Euro50 Group. Classification-JEL: A11, B22, E60, F50, N74 Keywords: Note: Pages:97-129 Volume: 9 Year: 2020 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=68133&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:spespe:v:html10.3280/SPE2020-001005 Number: 5 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=68133 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Luciano Messori Author-Name: Raimondello Orsini Title: John Bates Clark?s view on the Treaty of Versailles as the origin of both World War II and the idea of a European Union Abstract: The aim of this paper is to highlight the position of John Bates Clark about the Treaty of Versailles and the U.S. approach to Foreign Policy in the aftermath of World War I. To achieve this goal, we analyze some unpublished manuscripts from the Rare Book & Manuscript Library of Columbia University and four pub-lished articles written by Clark between 1918 and 1919 about the consequences of the Treaty and, more generally, the future of Europe. The main ideas emerging from this material are that Clark supported the Trea-ty because he thought that given the threat of a resurgent Germany, only a League of Nations including the U.S. could be able to maintain world peace. On the other hand, he also criticized it because he shared with Keynes the view that the very harsh provisions imposed on Germany would generate another World War in the near future. Finally, Clark saw the union among European countries as a tool for preventing another war. Classification-JEL: B13, A13 Keywords: Note: Pages:131-150 Volume: 9 Year: 2020 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=68134&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:spespe:v:html10.3280/SPE2020-001006 Number: 6 X-File-Ref: http://www.francoangeli.it/Riviste/References.ashx?idArticolo=68134 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Nicola Giocoli Author-Name: Claus Thomasberger Author-Name: Anna Maria Sekula Author-Name: Stefano Solari Title: Book reviews Abstract: Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:151-171 Volume: 9 Year: 2020 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=68135&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:spespe:v:html10.3280/SPE2020-001007 Number: 7 Template-type: ReDIF-Article 1.0 Author-Name: Ilaria Pasotti Title: A new source for the history of international financial relations. The fonds of the Institut International d??tudes Bancaires (IIEB) at the Intesa Sanpaolo Historical Archives Abstract: Classification-JEL: Keywords: Note: Pages:173-178 Volume: 9 Year: 2020 Issue:1 File-URL:http://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_Rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=68136&Tipo=Articolo PDF File-Format: text/HTML Handle: RePEc:fan:spespe:v:html10.3280/SPE2020-001008 Number: 8