The historical process of urbanization in Spain is a peculiar example of articulation and, at the same time, erosion of the state. Ethnocide, nationalism, tourism, emigration, and immigration have given rise to a confusing mixture of cultures often in chronic competition, overlapping and conflicting in a territory that is ever more diffuse as a state entity. The inclusion of Spain in Europe has had a cohesive effect that is more virtual than real. Citizen mobilization against the Iraq war has made it evident that neither Spain nor Europe are integrated cultural realities.