Clicca qui per scaricare

Condividi
Quando è importante la verità?
Titolo Rivista: PSICOTERAPIA E SCIENZE UMANE 
Autori/Curatori: Elizabeth Allison, Peter Fonagy 
Anno di pubblicazione:  2020 Fascicolo: 1  Lingua: Italiano 
Numero pagine:  28 P. 17-44 Dimensione file:  152 KB
DOI:  10.3280/PU2020-001002
Il DOI è il codice a barre della proprietà intellettuale: per saperne di più:  clicca qui   qui 


L’esperienza di conoscere la verità e di sentirla riconosciuta all’interno di una psicoterapia non è un fine in sé, ma è importante perché la fiducia generata da questa esperienza ("fiducia epistemica", o fiducia in nuove conoscenze) permette al soggetto di aprirsi all’apprendimento dell’ambiente sociale e a trovare modi migliori per viverci. Vengono discusse le conseguenze di una mancanza di fiducia epistemica in termini di aumento di psicopatologia, e viene sottolineato il ruolo della mentalizzazione nella relazione terapeutica. Si suggerisce che sebbene il trattamento basato sulla mentalizzazione (Mentalization-Based Treatment [MBT]) costituisca una tecnica terapeutica specifica e manualizzata, la presenza di un terapeuta "mentalizzante" è parte essenziale di tutti gli interventi psicoterapeutici efficaci.


Keywords: Salute mentale; Conformismo; Società; Personalità; Natura umana

  1. Eagleton T. (1996). The Illusions of Postmodernism. Oxford, UK: Blackwell (trad. it.: Le illusioni del postmodernismo. Roma: Editori Riuniti, 1998).
  2. Alexander F. (1930). Zur Genese des Kastrationskomplexes. Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse, 16, 3/4: 349-352. Anche in: Almanach der Psychoanalyse, 1931, 6: 231-236 (trad. inglese di Charles F. Menninger: Concerning the genesis of the castration complex. Psychoanalytic Review, 1935, 22, 1: 49-52).
  3. Alexander F., French T.M. et al. (1946). Psychoanalytic Therapy: Principles and Applications. New York: Ronald Press (trad. it. dei capitoli 2, 4 e 17: La esperienza emozionale correttiva. Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane, 1993, XXVII, 2: 85-101. - Edizione su Internet: www.psychomedia.it/pm/modther/probpsiter/alexan-1.htm).
  4. Allen J.G., Fonagy P. & Bateman A. (2008). Mentalizing in Clinical Practice. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press (trad. it.: La mentalizzazione nella pratica clinica. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2010).
  5. Asen E. & Fonagy P. (2012). Mentalization-based therapeutic interventions for families. Journal of Family Therapy, 34, 4: 347-370.
  6. Bateman A. & Fonagy P. (1999). Psychotherapy for severe personality disorder. Article did not do justice to available research data. British Medical Journal, 319, 7211: 709-710.
  7. Bateman A. & Fonagy P. (2004). Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder. Mentalization-Based Treatment. Foreword by John Gunderson. New York: Oxford University Press (trad. it.: Trattamento basato sulla mentalizzazione. Psicoterapia con il paziente borderline. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2006).
  8. Bateman A. & Fonagy P. (2006). Mentalization-based Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder: A Practical Guide. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (trad. it.: Guida pratica al trattamento basato sulla mentalizzazione. Per il disturbo borderline di personalità. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2010).
  9. Bateman A. & Fonagy P. (2016). Mentalization Based Treatment for Personality Disorders: A Practical Guide. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press (trad. it.: Mentalizzazione e disturbi di personalità. Una guida pratica al trattamento. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2019).
  10. Bateman A. & Fonagy P. (2010). Mentalization-based treatment for borderline personality disorder. World Psychiatry, 9, 1: 11-15.
  11. Bell D. (2009). Is truth an illusion? Psychoanalysis and postmodernism. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 90, 2: 331-345.
  12. Bernardi R. (2005). What after pluralism? Ulysses still on the road. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 25, 5: 654-666.
  13. Berthelot N., Ensink K., Bernazzani O., Normandin L., Luyten P. & Fonagy P. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of attachment in abused and neglected mothers: The role of trauma-specific reflective functioning. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36, 2: 200-212.
  14. Bion W.R. (1957). Attacks on linking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1959, 40: 308-315. Anche in: Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 2013, 82, 2: 285-300 (trad. it.: Attacchi al legame. In: Analisi degli schizofrenici e metodo psicoanalitico. Roma: Armando, 1970, pp. 143-166).
  15. Bion W.R. (1962a). Learning from Experience. London: Heinemann (trad. it.: Apprendere dall’esperienza. Roma: Armando, 1972).
  16. Bion W.R. (1962b). A theory of thinking. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 43: 306-310 (trad. it.: Una teoria del pensiero. In: Analisi degli schizofrenici e metodo psicoanalitico. Roma: Armando, 1970, cap. 8, pp. 167-182).
  17. Blackburn S. (2005). Truth: A Guide for the Perplexed. London: Penguin.
  18. Blum H.P. (2003). Repression, transference and reconstruction. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 84, 3: 497-503., DOI: 10.1516/Y3LH-C2DA-JX46-6R2V
  19. Boston Change Process Study Group (BCPSG) (2002). Explicating the implicit: The local level and the microprocess of change in the analytic situation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 83, 5: 1051-1062., DOI: 10.1516/B105-35WV-MM0Y-NTAD
  20. Boston Change Process Study Group (BCPSG) (2010). Change in Psychotherapy: A Unifying Paradigm. New York: Norton (trad. it.: Il cambiamento in psicoterapia. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2012).
  21. Breuer J. & Freud S. (1892-95). Studi sull’isteria. Opere, 1: 162-439. Torino: Boringhieri, 1967.
  22. Brousseau-Liard P., Cassels T. & Birch S. (2014). You seem certain but you were wrong before: Developmental change in preschoolers’ relative trust in accurate versus confident speakers. PLoS One, 9, 9: e108308.
  23. Clarkin J.F., Fonagy P. & Gabbard G.O., editors (2010). Psychodynamic Psychotherapy for Personality Disorders: A Clinical Handbook. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
  24. Clarkin J.F., Levy K.N., Lenzenweger M.F. & Kernberg O.F. (2007). Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder: A multiwave study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 6: 922-928.
  25. Cooper A.M. (2003). Commentary on “Psychoanalytic discourse at the turn of our century: A plea for a measure of humility”. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 51 (suppl.): 108-114.
  26. Csibra G. & Gergely G. (2006). Social learning and social cognition: The case for pedagogy. In: Johnson M.H. & Munakata Y.M., editors, Processes of Change in Brain and Cognitive Development. Attention and Performance. Vol. XXI. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 249-274.
  27. Csibra G. & Gergely G. (2009). Natural pedagogy. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13: 148-153.
  28. Csibra G. & Gergely G. (2011). Natural pedagogy as evolutionary adaptation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 366, 1567: 1149-1157.
  29. Doering S., Horz S., Rentrop M., Fischer-Kern M., Schuster P., Benecke C., Buckheim A., Martius P. & Buckheim P. (2010). Transference-focused psychotherapy v. treatment by community psychotherapists for borderline personality disorder: Randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 196, 5: 389-395.
  30. Durkin K. & Shafto P. (2016). Epistemic trust and education: Effects of informant reliability on student learning of decimal concepts. Child Development, 87, 1: 154-164.
  31. Ellman S.J. & Moskowitz M. (2008). A study of the Boston Change Process Study Group. Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 18, 6: 812-837., DOI: 10.1080/10481880802473357
  32. Ensink K., Berthelot N., Bernazzani O., Normandin L. & Fonagy P. (2014). Another step closer to measuring the ghosts in the nursery: Preliminary validation of the Trauma Reflective Functioning Scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 5: 1471 (http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01471/full).
  33. Fonagy P. (1998a). An attachment theory approach to treatment of the difficult patient. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 62: 147-169.
  34. Fonagy P. (1998b). Moments of change in psychoanalytic theory: Discussion of a new theory of psychic change. Infant Mental Health Journal, 19, 3: 346-353.
  35. Fonagy P. (1999). Memory and therapeutic action (Guest editorial). International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 80, 2: 215-223.
  36. Fonagy P. (2000). Response. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 81, 2: 357 (risposta a Migone, 2000).
  37. Fonagy P. (2003). Some complexities in the relationship of psychoanalytic theory to technique. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 72, 1: 13-47.
  38. Fonagy P. (2015a). The effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapies: An update. World Psychiatry, 14, 2: 137-150.
  39. Fonagy P. (2015b). Mutual regulation, mentalization and therapeutic action: A reflection on the contributions of Ed Tronick to developmental and psychotherapeutic thinking. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 35, 4: 355-369., DOI: 10.1080/07351690.2015.1022481
  40. Fonagy P. & Allison E. (2014). The role of mentalizing and epistemic trust in the therapeutic relationship. Psychotherapy, 51, 3: 372-380.
  41. Fonagy P. & Campbell C. (2017). Bad blood: Fifteen years on. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 37, 5: 281-283.
  42. Fonagy P., Edgcumbe R., Moran G.S., Kennedy H. & Target M. (1993). The roles of mental representations and mental processes in therapeutic action. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 48: 9-48., DOI: 10.1080/00797308.1993.11822377
  43. Fonagy P., Gergely G., Jurist E.L. & Target M. (2002). Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. New York: Other Press (trad. it.: Regolazione affettiva, mentalizzazione e sviluppo del Sé. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2004).
  44. Fonagy P. & Luyten P. (2009). A developmental, mentalization-based approach to the understanding and treatment of borderline personality disorder. Development & Psychopathology, 21, 4: 1355-1381., DOI: 10.1017/S0954579409990198
  45. Fonagy P., Luyten P. & Allison E. (2015). Epistemic petrification and the restoration of epistemic trust: A new conceptualization of borderline personality disorder and its psychosocial treatment. Journal of Personality Disorders, 29, 5: 575-609.
  46. Fonagy P., Luyten P., Moulton-Perkins A., Lee Y.-W., Warren F., Howard S. & Lowyck B. (2016). Development and validation of a self-report measure of mentalizing: The Reflective Functioning Questionnaire. PLoS One, 11, 7: e0158678.
  47. Fonagy P., Steele M., Steele H., Higgitt A. & Target M. (1994). The Emanuel Miller Memorial Lecture, 1992: The theory and practice of resilience [Review]. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 35, 2: 231-257.
  48. Fonagy P. & Target M. (1993-2000 [2001]). Attaccamento e funzione riflessiva. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2001.
  49. Hernik M. & Gergely G. (2015). To what adaptive problems is human teaching a solution? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38, 1: 26-27 (e42)., DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X14000788
  50. Fonagy P. & Target M. (1996). Playing with reality: I. Theory of mind and the normal development of psychic reality. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 77, 2: 217-233 (trad. it.: Giocare con la realtà: I. La teoria della mente e lo sviluppo normale della realtà psichica. Setting, 1998, 6: 33-59. Anche in: Fonagy & Target, 1993-2000 [2001], cap. 5, pp. 137-160).
  51. Fonagy P. & Target M. (2000). Playing with reality: III. The persistence of dual psychic reality in borderline patients. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 81, 5: 853-873.
  52. Fonagy P. & Target M. (2005). Bridging the transmission gap: An end to an important mystery of attachment research? Attachment & Human Development, 7, 3: 333-343., DOI: 10.1080/14616730500269278
  53. Fonagy P. & Target M. (2007a). Playing with reality: IV. A theory of external reality rooted in intersubjectivity. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 88, 4: 917-937., DOI: 10.1516/4774-6173-241T-7225
  54. Fonagy P. & Target M. (2007b). The rooting of the mind in the body: New links between attachment theory and psychoanalytic thought. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 55, 2: 411-456., DOI: 10.1177/00030651070550020501
  55. Fonagy P., Target M. & Gergely G. (2000). Attachment and borderline personality disorder: A theory and some evidence. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 23, 1: 103-122., DOI: 10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70146-5
  56. Freud S. (1908 [1909]). Analisi della fobia di un bambino di cinque anni (Caso clinico del piccolo Hans). Opere, 5: 481-589. Torino: Boringhieri, 1970.
  57. Freud S. (1921). Psicologia delle masse e analisi dell’Io. Opere, 9: 259-330. Torino: Boringhieri, 1977.
  58. Freud S. (1932 [1933]). Introduzione alla psicoanalisi (nuova serie di lezioni). Opere, 11: 117-284. Torino: Boringhieri, 1979.
  59. Gergely G. & Watson J. (1996). The social biofeedback model of parental affect-mirroring. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 77, 6: 1181-1212.
  60. Giddens A. (1972). Politics and Sociology in the Thought of Max Weber. London: Macmillan, 2013.
  61. Grünbaum A. (1984). The Foundations of Psychoanalysis. A Philosophical Critique. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (trad.it.: I fondamenti della psicoanalisi. Milano: Il Saggiatore, 1988).
  62. Grünbaum A. (2008). Popper’s fundamental misdiagnosis of the scientific defects of Freudian psychoanalysis and of their bearing on the theory of demarcation. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25, 4: 574-589.
  63. Gunderson J.G. (1996). The borderline patient’s intolerance of aloneness: Insecure attachments and therapist availability. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 6: 752-758.
  64. Gunderson J.G. & Links P.L. (2014). Handbook of Good Psychiatric Management (GPM) for Borderline Patients. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press (trad. it.: Il good psychiatric management nel trattamento del disturbo borderline. Milano: Edra, 2015).
  65. Hartmann H. (1955). Notes on the theory of sublimation. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 10: 9-29. Anche in: Essays on Ego Psychology. New York: International Universities Press, 1964, pp. 215-240 (trad. it.: Note sulla teoria della sublimazione. In: Saggi sulla psicologia dell’Io. Torino: Boringhieri, 1976, pp. 232-258).
  66. Hattie J. (2013). Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement. London: Routledge (in italiano, vedi: Apprendimento visibile, insegnamento efficace: metodi e strategie di successo dalla ricerca evidence-based [2011]. Trento: Erickson, 2016).
  67. Hume D. (1739). A Treatise of Human Nature. London: John Noon; Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2000 (trad. it.: Trattato sulla natura umana. A cura di Paolo Guglielmoni. Testo inglese a fronte. Milano: Bompiani, 2001).
  68. Jimenez J.P. (2008). Theoretical plurality and pluralism in psychoanalytic practice. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 89, 3: 579-599.
  69. Jørgensen C.R., Bøye R., Andersen D., Døssing Blaabjerg A.H., Freund C., Jordet H. & Kjølbye M. (2014). Eighteen months post-treatment naturalistic follow-up study of mentalization-based therapy and supportive group treatment of borderline personality disorder: Clinical outcomes and functioning. Nordic Psychology, 66, 4: 254-273., DOI: 10.1080/19012276.2014.963649
  70. Jørgensen C.R., Freund C., Bøye R., Jordet H., Andersen D. & Kjølbye M. (2013). Outcome of mentalization-based and supportive psychotherapy in patients with borderline personality disorder: A randomized trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 127, 4: 305-317.
  71. Jurist E.L. (2018). Minding Emotions: Cultivating Mentalization in Psychotherapy. New York: Guilford (trad. it.: Tenere a mente le emozioni. La mentalizzazione in psicoterapia. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2018).
  72. Kernberg O.F., Yeomans F.E., Clarkin J.F. & Levy K.N. (2008). Transference focused psychotherapy: Overview and update. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 89, 3: 601-620.
  73. Kiraly I., Csibra G. & Gergely G. (2013). Beyond rational imitation: Learning arbitrary means actions from communicative demonstrations. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 116, 2: 471-486.
  74. Koenig M.A. & Harris P.L. (2005). The role of social cognition in early trust. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 10: 457-459.
  75. McMain S.F., Links P.S., Gnam W.H., Guimond T., Cardish R.J., Korman L. & Streiner D.L. (2009). A randomized trial of dialectical behavior therapy versus general psychiatric management for borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 12: 1365-1374.
  76. McMain S.F., Guimond T., Streiner D.L., Cardish R.J. & Links P.S. (2012). Dialectical behavior therapy compared with general psychiatric management for borderline personality disorder: Clinical outcomes and functioning over a two-year follow-up. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 6: 650-661.
  77. Migone P. (1987). Cronache psicoanalitiche: l’azione legale degli psicologi americani contro l’istituzione psicoanalitica per il diritto alla formazione. Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane, XXI, 4: 83-89 -- (una versione del 1990 è su Internet alla pagina http:// www.psychomedia.it/pm/modther/probpsiter/ruoloter/rt53-54.htm).
  78. Migone P. (2000). Recovery of memories and therapeutic change. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 81, 2: 356-357 [risposta: Fonagy, 2000]).
  79. Migone P. (2003). Riflessioni sulla linea di ricerca di Daniel Stern. Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane, 2018, 52, 4: 601-608 (con un intervento di Giovanni Liotti, pp. 609-614)., DOI: 10.3280/PU2018-004006
  80. O’Shaughnessy E. (1994). What is a clinical fact? International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 75, 5/6: 939- 947.
  81. Recanati F. (1997). Can we believe what we do not understand? Mind & Language, 12, 1, 84-100., DOI: 10.1111/1468-0017.00037
  82. Renik O. (1998). The analyst’s subjectivity and the analyst’s objectivity. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 79, 3: 487-497.
  83. Renik O. (2005). Standards and standardization. Fort Da, 11: 60-72.
  84. Russell B. (1940). An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth. London: Allen & Unwin (trad. it.: Significato e verità. Milano: Longanesi, 1963).
  85. Ryle A. (2003). Something more than the “something more than interpretation” is needed: A comment on the paper by the Process of Change Study Group. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 84, 1: 109-118., DOI: 10.1516/1MUF-YMBU-GN05-B4RP
  86. Sharp C. & Fonagy P. (2008). The parent’s capacity to treat the child as a psychological agent: Constructs, measures and implications for developmental psychopathology. Social Development, 17, 3: 737-754.
  87. Sharp C., Ha C., Carbone C., Kim S., Perry K., Williams L. & Fonagy P. (2013). Hypermentalizing in adolescent inpatients: Treatment effects and association with borderline traits. Journal of Personality Disorders, 27, 1: 3-18.
  88. Sharp C., Pane H., Ha C., Venta A., Patel A.B., Sturek J. & Fonagy P. (2011). Theory of mind and emotion regulation difficulties in adolescents with borderline traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 50, 6: 563-573.
  89. Sperber D., Clement F., Heintz C., Mascaro O., Mercier H., Origgi G. & Wilson D. (2010). Epistemic vigilance. Mind & Language, 25, 4: 359-393.
  90. Stern D., Sander L.W., Nahum J.P., Harrison A.M., Lyons-Ruth K., Morgan A.C., Bruschweile-Stern N. & Tronick E.Z. (1998). Non-interpretive mechanisms in psychoanalytic therapy: The “something more” than interpretation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 79, 5: 903-921. Anche in: Boston Change Process Study Group, 2010, pp. 1-29 (trad. it.: Il “qualcosa in più” dell’interpretazione. Meccanismi non interpretativi in terapia psicoanalitica, pp. 1-24; anche in: Psicobiettivo, 2000, XX, 3: 139-164; Carli L. & Rodini C., a cura di. Le forme di intersoggettività: l’implicito e l’esplicito nelle relazioni interpersonali. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2008, pp. 425-454; Onnis L., a cura di, Una nuova alleanza tra psicoterapia e neuroscienze. Dall’intersoggettività ai neuroni specchio [2011]. Milano: FrancoAngeli, 2015, pp. 75-104).
  91. Target M. & Fonagy P. (1996). Playing with reality: II. The development of psychic reality from a theoretical perspective. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 77, 3: 459-479 (trad. it.: Giocare con la realtà: II. Lo sviluppo della realtà psichica da un punto di vista teorico. Setting, 1999, 7: 29-62. Anche in: Fonagy & Target, 1993-2000 [2001], cap. 6, pp. 161-189).
  92. Tronick E.Z. (1978-2008 [2008]). Regolazione emotiva: nello sviluppo e nel processo terapeutico. Milano: Raffaello Cortina, 2008.
  93. Tronick E.Z. (2007). The Neurobehavioral and Social-Emotional Development of Infants and Children. New York: Norton (in italiano si veda: Tronick, 1978-2008).
  94. Tuckett D. (2005). Does anything go? Towards a framework for the more transparent assessment of psychoanalytic competence. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 86, 1: 31-49., DOI: 10.1516/R2U5-XJ37-7DFJ-DD18
  95. Vivona J.M. (2006). From developmental metaphor to developmental model: The shrinking role of language in the talking cure. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 54, 3: 877-902.
  96. Wallerstein R., editor (1992). The Common Ground of Psychoanalysis. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson.
  97. Wilson D. & Sperber D. (2012). Meaning and Relevance. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  98. Wilson D.S. (1976). Evolution on the level of communities. Science, 192, 4246: 1358-1360.
  99. Wilson D.S. (2013). Human cultures are primarily adaptive at the group level. Cliodynamics: The Journal of Theoretical & Mathematical History, 4: 102-138.
  100. Wilson D.S. & Wilson E.O. (2007). Rethinking the theoretical foundation of sociobiology. Quarterly Review of Biology, 82, 4: 327-348., DOI: 10.1086/522809
  101. Wolf E.S. (1992). On being a scientist or a healer. Annual of Psychoanalysis, 20: 115-129.

Elizabeth Allison, Peter Fonagy, in "PSICOTERAPIA E SCIENZE UMANE" 1/2020, pp. 17-44, DOI:10.3280/PU2020-001002

   

FrancoAngeli è membro della Publishers International Linking Association associazione indipendente e no profit per facilitare l'accesso degli studiosi ai contenuti digitali nelle pubblicazioni professionali e scientifiche