Gender differences in business survival: evidence on migrant entrepreneurship

Titolo Rivista MONDI MIGRANTI
Autori/Curatori Mario Lucchini, Egidio Riva
Anno di pubblicazione 2018 Fascicolo 2018/2 Lingua Inglese
Numero pagine 20 P. 149-168 Dimensione file 296 KB
DOI 10.3280/MM2018-002008
Il DOI è il codice a barre della proprietà intellettuale: per saperne di più clicca qui

Qui sotto puoi vedere in anteprima la prima pagina di questo articolo.

Se questo articolo ti interessa, lo puoi acquistare (e scaricare in formato pdf) seguendo le facili indicazioni per acquistare il download credit. Acquista Download Credits per scaricare questo Articolo in formato PDF

Anteprima articolo

FrancoAngeli è membro della Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA)associazione indipendente e non profit per facilitare (attraverso i servizi tecnologici implementati da CrossRef.org) l’accesso degli studiosi ai contenuti digitali nelle pubblicazioni professionali e scientifiche

This paper draws on a longitudinal dataset of 165,515 firms that were economically active between 1997 and 2012 in Milan (Italy) to study gender dif-ferences in business survival within and between different eighteen groups, formed on the basis of the country of birth of the entrepreneurs. Kaplan-Meier estimates and piecewise-constant exponential hazard models show that, holding a set of individual and business covariates constant, the risk of business closure is always higher for female single proprietors. The highest gender differences in business survival are found among entrepreneurs born in Bangladesh, Morocco, and Sene-gal. Conversely, for female single proprietors born in Italy and China median sur-vival time and the risk of business closure are quite similar to those of their male counterparts.

Questo studio utilizza i dati relativi all’universo delle ditte individuali (N=165,515) che sono state attive a Milano e provincia tra il 1997 e il 2012 per studiare le disparità di genere che vi sono, quanto alla mortalità di impresa, entro e tra 18 gruppi etnici. Le analisi condotte, mediante lo stimatore di Kaplan-Meier e modelli di regressione esponenziale “piecewise-constant”, indicano che, controllando per una serie di caratteristiche del titolare di impresa e dell’impresa stessa, il rischio di mortalità è più elevato tra le ditte individuali a titolarità femminile. I differenziali di genere più elevati si riscontrano tra le ditte individuali il cui titolare è nato in Bangladesh, Morocco, and Senegal. Per contro, tra le ditte individuali i cui titolari sono nati in Italia e Cina non si riscontrano sostanziali disparità di genere in merito ai tempi mediani e i tassi di sopravvivenza.

Keywords:Imprese immigrate; disparità di genere; mortalità di impresa; tempi di sopravvivenza.

  1. Ahl H. (2004). The Scientific Reproduction of Gender Inequality: A Discourse Analysis of Research Texts on Women’s Entrepreneurship. Malmö: Liber.
  2. Audretsch D.B. (1995). Innovation and Industry Evolution. Cambridge, ma: Mit Press.
  3. Basu A. and Altinay E. (2002). The Interaction between Culture and Entrepreneurship in London's Immigrant Businesses. International Small Business Journal, 20: 371-393.
  4. Bates T. (1990). Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity. Review of Economics and Statistics, 72: 551-559.
  5. Baycan-Levent T. (2010). Migrant women entrepreneurship in Oecd countries. In: Oecd, ed., cit.: 227-254.
  6. Baycan-Levent T., Masurel E. and Nijkamp P. (2006). Gender Differences in Ethnic Entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 6: 173-190.
  7. Baycan-Levent T., Masurel E. and Nijkamp P. (2003). Diversity in Entrepreneurship: Ethnic and Female Roles in Urban Economic Life. International Journal of Social Economics, 30: 1131-1161; DOI: 10.1108/03068290310497495
  8. Beckers P. and Blumberg B.F. (2013). Immigrant Entrepreneurship on the Move: A Longitudinal Analysis of First ( and Second ( generation Immigrant Entrepreneurship in the Netherlands. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: An International Journal, 25: 654-691.
  9. Blossfeld H.P. and Rohwer G. (2001). Techniques of Event History Modeling. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
  10. Blossfeld H.P., Golsch K. and Rohwer G., eds. (2007). Event History Analysis with Stata. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
  11. Boden R.J. (1999). Flexible Working Hours, Family Responsibilities, and Female Self-Employment. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 58: 71-83.
  12. Boden R.J. and Nucci A. (2000). On the survival prospects of men’s and women’s new business ventures. Journal of Business Venturing, 4: 347-362.
  13. Bruni A., Gherardi S. and Poggio B. (2004). Gender and Entrepreneurship: An Ethno- Graphic Approach. New York: Routledge.
  14. Brush C.G., Carter N.M., Gatewood E.J., Greene P.G. and Hart M.M. (2004). Clearing the Hurdles: Women Building High Growth Businesses. London: Financial Times-Prentice-Hall.
  15. Brush C.G., de Bruin A., Gatewood E.J. and Henry C., eds. (2010). Women Entrepreneurs and the Global Environment for Growth: A Research Perspective. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  16. Camera di Commercio di Milano (2016). Milano Produttiva 2016. Milano: Guerini e Associati.
  17. Carter S., Mwaura S., Ram M., Trehan K. and Jones T. (2015). Barriers to Ethnic Minority and Women’s Enterprise: Existing Evidence, Policy Tensions and Unsettled Questions. International Small Business Journal, 33: 49-69; DOI: 10.1177/0266242614556823
  18. Clark K. and Drinkwater S. (2010). Recent trends in minority ethnic entrepreneurship in Britain. International Small Business Journal, 28: 136-146.
  19. Coleman S. (2016). Gender, Entrepreneurship, and Firm Performance: Recent Research and Considerations of Context. In: Connerley M.L. and Jiyun W., eds., cit.: 375-339.
  20. Connerley M.L. and Jiyun W., eds. (2016). Handbook on Well-Being of Working Women. Springer: Dordrecht.
  21. Dale A., Fieldhouse E.A., Shaheen N. and Kalra V. (2002). The Labour Market Prospects for Pakistani and Bangladeshi Women. Work, Employment and Society, 16: 5-25.
  22. Dallalfar A. (1994). Iranian Women as Immigrant Entrepreneurs. Gender and Society, 8: 541-561.
  23. Dawe A.J. and Fielden S.L. (2005). The Experiences of Asian Women Entering Business Start-up in the uk. In: Fielden and Davidson, eds., cit.: 120-132.
  24. Desiderio M.V. and Mestres-Domènech J. (2011). Migrant entrepreneurship in Oecd countries. In: Oecd, ed., cit.: 139-203.
  25. Dhaliwal S. (1998). Silent Contributors: Asian Female Entrepreneurs and Women in Business. Women’s Studies International Forum, 21: 463-474.
  26. Edwards. P., Ram M., Jones T. and Doldor S. (2016). New migrant businesses and their workers: developing, but not transforming, the ethnic economy. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39: 1587-1617.
  27. Essers C. (2009). New Directions in Postheroic Entrepreneurship: Narratives of Gender and Ethnicity. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press dk.
  28. Essers C. and Tedmanson D. (2014). Upsetting ‘Others’ in the Netherlands: Narratives of Muslim Turkish Migrant Businesswomen at the Crossroads of Ethnicity, Gender and Religion. Gender, Work & Organization, 21: 353-367.
  29. Eurostat-Oecd. (2007). Manual on Business Demography Statistics. Paris: Oecd Publishing.
  30. Fairlie R.W. and Robb A.M. (2009). Gender Differences in Business Performance: Evidence from the Characteristics of Business Owners Survey. Small Business Economics, 33: 375-395;
  31. Fielden S.L. and Davidson M.J., eds. (2005). International Handbook of Women and Small Business Entrepreneurship. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  32. Fuller-Love N., Lim L. and Akehurst G. (2006). Guest editorial: female and ethnic minority entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2: 429-439.
  33. Halkias, D., Thurma P., Harkiolakis N. and Cracatsanis S., eds. (2016). Female Immigrant Entrepreneurs: The Economic and Social Impact of a Global Phenomenon. Abingdon: Routledge.
  34. Hillmann F. (1999). A Look at the ‘Hidden Side’: Turkish Women in Berlin’s Ethnic Labour Market. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 23: 267-282.
  35. Hosmer D.W., Lemeshow S. and May S. (2008). Applied Survival Analysis: Regression Modeling of Time to Event Data. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
  36. Jennings J.E. and Brush C.G. (2013). Research on women entrepreneurs: challenges to (and from) the broader entrepreneurship literature? The Academy of Management Annals, 7: 663-715; DOI: 10.1080/19416520.2013.782190
  37. Jennings J.E. and McDougald M.S. (2007). Work-family interface experiences and coping strategies: Implications for entrepreneurship research and practice. Academy of Management Review 32: 747-760.
  38. Jones T., Ram M., Edwards P., Kiselinchev A. and Muchenje M. (2014). Mixed Embeddedness and new migrant enterprise in the uk. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development: An International Journal, 26: 500-520.
  39. Kalleberg A.L. and Leicht K.T. (1991). Gender and Organisational Performance: Determinants of Small Business Survival and Success. Academy of Management Journal, 34: 136-161.
  40. Kelley D., Brush C.G., Greene P., Herrington M., Ali A. and Kew P. (2015). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (Gem) 2014 Women’s Report. Babson Park, ma: The Centre for Women’s Leadership, Babson College; -- http://www.babson.edu/Academics/centers/blank-center/global-research/gem/Documents/gem%202015%20Womens%20Report.pdf.
  41. Kloosterman R. and Rath J. (2001). Immigrant Entrepreneurs in Advanced Economies. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27: 189-201.
  42. Koellinger P., Minniti M. and Schade C. (2013). Gender Differences in Entrepreneurial propensity. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 75: 213-234.
  43. Mestres J. (2010). Migrant Entrepreneurship in Oecd Countries and its Contribution to Employment. In: Oecd, ed., cit.: 23-62.
  44. Metcalf H., Modood T. and Virdee S. (1996). Asian Self-Employment: the Interaction of Culture and Economics in England. Series: Psi research report (824). Policy Studies Institute: London.
  45. Minniti M., ed. (2013). The Dynamics of Entrepreneurship: Evidence from the Global Entrepreneurship Data. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  46. Mirchandani K. (1999). Feminist insight on gendered work: New directions in research on women and entrepreneurship. Gender, Work and Organization, 6: 224-235.
  47. Morokvasic M. (1991). Roads to Independence. Self-Employed Immigrants and Minority Women in Five European States. International Migration 29: 407-419.
  48. Oecd, ed. (2011). International Migration Outlook 2011. Paris: Oecd Publishing
  49. Oecd, ed. (2010). Open for Business: Migrant Entrepreneurship in Oecd Countries. Paris: Oecd Publishing.
  50. Ogbor J.O. (2000). Mythicizing and reification in entrepreneurial discourse: Ideology-critique of entrepreneurial studies. Journal of Management Studies, 37: 605-635.
  51. Piacentini M. (2013). Women Entrepreneurs in the Oecd: Key Evidence and Policy Challenges. Oecd Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 147. Paris: Oecd Publishing;
  52. Pio E. (2010). Islamic sisters: Spirituality and ethnic entrepreneurship in Sweden. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 29: 113-130; DOI: 10.1108/02610151011019246
  53. Rangaswamy P. (2007). South Asians in Dunkin’ Donuts: Niche Development in the Franchise Industry. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 33: 671-686.
  54. Robb A.M. (2002). Entrepreneurial Performance by Women and Minorities: The Case of New Firms. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 7: 383-397.
  55. Robb A.M. and Watson J. (2012). Gender differences in firm performance: Evidence from new ventures in the United States. Journal of Business Venturing 27: 544-558;
  56. Simoes N., Crespo N. and Moreira S.B. (2016). Individual determinants of self‐employment entry: What do we really know? Journal of Economic Surveys, 30, 4: 783-806;
  57. Verduijn K. and Essers C. (2013). Questioning dominant entrepreneurship assumptions: the case of female ethnic minority entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 25: 612-630; DOI: 10.1080/08985626.2013.814718
  58. Wang Q. and Morrell E. (2015). Gender and Entrepreneurship revisited from a Community Perspective: Experiences in a New Immigrant Gateway and Beyond. Environment and Planning A, 47: 2645-2662.
  59. Westwood S. and Bachu P., eds. (1988). Enterprising Women: Ethnicity, Economy and Gender Relations. London: Routledge.
  60. Williams R.A. (2012). Using the margins command to estimate and interpret adjusted predictions and marginal effects. Stata Journal, 12: 308-331.
  61. Yadav V. and Unni J. (2016). Women entrepreneurship: research review and future directions. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 6: 1-12;
  62. Zhou M. (2004). Revisiting Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Convergences, Controversies, and Conceptual Advancements. International Migration Review 38, 3: 1040-1074;

  • Multidisciplinary Approach to Entrepreneurship Education for Migrants Jean-François Rougé, pp.112 (ISBN:9781799829256)

Mario Lucchini, Egidio Riva, Gender differences in business survival: evidence on migrant entrepreneurship in "MONDI MIGRANTI" 2/2018, pp 149-168, DOI: 10.3280/MM2018-002008