Social cognition, metacognition and psychopathology

Journal title QUADERNI DI PSICOTERAPIA COGNITIVA
Author/s Pietro Grimaldi
Publishing Year 2023 Issue 2022/51
Language Italian Pages 23 P. 9-31 File size 0 KB
DOI 10.3280/qpc51-2022oa15180
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

View article Download Open Access article

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

Humans understand and make sense of the social world using social cognition, that is, cognitive processes through which individuals understand, process and remember their interactions with others (Morgan et al., 2017). The term social cognition refers to the mental operations that underlie social interactions, including perceiving, interpreting and generating responses to the intentions, dispositions and behaviours of others (Green et al., 2008). A higher-order level of social cognition is the ability to understand and reason about one’s own and others’ mental and affective states, using this understanding to solve problems and manage subjective suffering, a level termed mentalizing (Bateman & Fonagy, 2012; Choi-Kain & Gunderson, 2008) or metacognition (Semerari & Dimaggio, 2003). The activation of interpersonal motivational systems, as well as relational schema, can influence intersubjectivity and the mental capacities needed to manage life tasks and interpersonal relationships. The impairment of social cognition, as well as dysfunctions of different metacognitive abilities, are recognised as a key feature of several psychopathological conditions.

Keywords: ; social cognition; metacognition; interpersonal motivational systems; relational schema; psychopathology

  1. Achim, A.M., Guitton, M., Jackson, P.L., Boutin, A. & Monetta, L. (2013). On what ground do we mentalize? Characteristics of current tasks and sources of information that contribute to mentalizing judgments. Psychological Assessment, 25(1): 117-126. DOI: 10.1037/a0029137.
  2. Achim, A.M., Ouellet, R., Lavoie, M.A., Vallières, C., Jackson, P.L. & Roy, M.A. (2013). Impact of social anxiety on social cognition and functioning in patients with recent-onset schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Schizophrenia Research, 145(1-3): 75-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.01.012.
  3. Ackerman, J.M., Huan, J.Y. & Bargh, J.A. (2012). Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Cognition. In S.T. Fiske & C.N. Macrae (eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Cognition. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
  4. Ackerman, J.M. & Kenrick, D.T. (2008). The Costs of Benefits : Help-Refusals Highlight Key Trade-Offs of Social Life, 12(2): 118-140. DOI: 10.1177/1088868308315700.
  5. Adolphs, R. (1999). The Human Amygdala and Emotion. The Neuroscientist, 5(2): 125-137. DOI: 10.1177/107385849900500216.
  6. Adolphs, R. (2010). What does the amygdala contribute to social cognition? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1191: 42-61. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05445.x.
  7. Attili, G. (2007). Attaccamento e costruzione evoluzionistica della mente. Normalità, patologia, terapia. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
  8. Baccus, J.R. & Horowitz, M.J. (2006). Role-Relationship Models Addressing Maladaptive Interpersonal Patterns and Emotional Distress. In M.W. Baldwin (ed.), Interpersonal Cognition. New York: Guilford Press.
  9. Baldwin, M.W. (1992). Relational Schemas and the Processing of Social Information. Psychological Bulletin, 461-484. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.3.461.
  10. Baldwin, M.W. & Dandeneau, S.D. (2005). Understanding and Modifying the Relational Schemas Underlying Insecurity. In M.W. Baldwin (ed.), Interpersonal Cognition. New York: Gilford Press.
  11. Ballespí, S., Vives, J., Nonweiler, J., Perez-Domingo, A. & Barrantes-Vidal, N. (2021). Self- but Not Other-Dimensions of Mentalizing Moderate the Impairment Associated with Social Anxiety in Adolescents From the General Population. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 721584. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721584.
  12. Bateman, A. & Fonagy, P. (2012). Mentalization-Based Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. In T.A. Widiger (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders, 767-784. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199735013.013.0036.
  13. Baumeister, R.F., Brewer, L.E., Tice, D.M. & Twenge, J.M. (2007). Thwarting the Need to Belong: Understanding the Interpersonal and Inner Effects of Social Exclusion. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 1(1): 506-520. DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2007.00020.x.
  14. Baumeister, R.F. & Leary, M.R. (1995). The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3): 497-529. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497.
  15. Baumeister, R.F., Twenge, J.M. & Nuss, C.K. (2002). Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: Anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4): 817-827. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.4.817.
  16. Beaudoin, C. & Beauchamp, M.H. (2020). Social cognition. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 173: 255-264.
  17. Bettle, R. & Rosati, A.G. (2021). The Primate Origins of Human Social Cognition. Language Learning and Development, 17(2): 96-127. DOI: 10.1080/15475441.2020.1820339.
  18. Boksem, M.A.S., Kostermans, E., Milivojevic, B. & De Cremer, D. (2012). Social status determines how we monitor and evaluate our performance. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 7(3): 304-313. DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr010.
  19. Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss, vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
  20. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, vol. 2: Separation. New York: Basic Books.
  21. Brodsky, B.S., Groves, S.A., Oquendo, M.A., Mann, J.J. & Stanley, B. (2006). Interpersonal Precipitants and Suicide Attempts in Borderline Personality Disorder. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 36(3): 313-322. DOI: 10.1521/suli.2006.36.3.313.
  22. Brüne, M. (2001). Social Cognition and Psychopathology in an Evolutionary Perspective Current Status and Proposals for Research. Psychopathology, 34(2): 85-94. DOI: 10.1159/000049286.
  23. Buss, D. (2016). Evolutionary Psychology. The New Science of the Mind (5th ed.). London: Routledge.
  24. Buss, D.M. & Greiling, H. (1999). Adaptive Individual Differences. Journal of Personality, 67(2): 209-243. DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.00053.
  25. Cacioppo, J.T., Hawkley, L.C., Norman, G.J. & Berntson, G.G. (2011). Social isolation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1231(1): 17-22. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06028.x.
  26. Carcione, A., Nicolò, G. & Semerari, A. (a cura di) (2016). Curare i casi complessi La terapia metacognitiva interpersonale dei disturbi di personalità. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
  27. Cardi, V., Di Matteo, R., Corfield, F. & Treasure, J. (2013). Social reward and rejection sensitivity in eating disorders: An investigation of attentional bias and early experiences. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 14(8): 622-633. DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2012.665479.
  28. Cardi, V., Turton, R., Schifano, S., Leppanen, J., Hirsch, C.R. & Treasure, J. (2017). Biased Interpretation of Ambiguous Social Scenarios in Anorexia Nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 25(1): 60-64. DOI: 10.1002/erv.2493.
  29. Choi-Kain, L.W. & Gunderson, J.G. (2008). Mentalization: Ontogeny, Assessment, and Application in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(9): 1127-1135. DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081360.
  30. Colle, L., Dimaggio, G., Carcione, A., Nicolò, G., Semerari, A. & Chiavarino, C. (2020). Do Competitive Contexts Affect Mindreading Performance? Frontiers in Psychology, 11: 1-10. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01284.
  31. Cotter, J., Granger, K., Backx, R., Hobbs, M., Looi, C.Y. & Barnett, J.H. (2018). Social cognitive dysfunction as a clinical marker: A systematic review of meta-analyses across 30 clinical conditions. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 84: 92-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.014.
  32. Couette, M., Mouchabac, S., Bourla, A., Nuss, P. & Ferreri, F. (2020). Social cognition in post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59(2): 117-138. DOI: 10.1111/bjc.12238.
  33. De Waal, F. & Waal, F.B.M. (2007). Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes. Baltimora: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  34. Dimaggio, G., Carcione, A., Salvatore, G., Nicolò, G., Sisto, A. & Semerari, A. (2011). Progressively promoting metacognition in a case of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder treated with metacognitive interpersonal therapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(1): 70-83. DOI: 10.1348/147608310X527240.
  35. Dimaggio, G. & Lysaker, P.H. (2010). Metacognition and Severe Adult Mental Disorders. London: Routledge.
  36. Dimaggio, G., Procacci, M., Fiore, D., Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Pedone, R., Nicolò, G., Popolo, R., D’Angerio, S., Conti, L., Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Fiore, D., Nicolò, G., Conti, L., Pedone, R., Procacci, M., D’Angerio, S. & Dimaggio, G. (2015). Le disfunzioni metacognitive nei disturbi di personalità Una review delle ricerche del III Centro di Psicoterapia Cognitiva. Research in Psychotherapy: Psychopathology, Process and Outcome, 13(2): 217. DOI: 10.4081/ripppo.2010.19.
  37. Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A., Falcone, M., Nicolò, G., Carcione, A. & Procacci, M. (2002). Metacognition, states of mind, cognitive biases, and interpersonal cycles: Proposal for an integrated narcissism model. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 12(4): 421-451. DOI: 10.1037/1053-0479.12.4.421.
  38. Dykas, M.J. & Cassidy, J. (2011). Attachment and the Processing of Social Information Across the Life Span: Theory and Evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 137(1): 19-46. DOI: 10.1037/a0021367.
  39. Eisenberger, N.I. (2015). Social Pain and the Brain: Controversies, Questions, and Where to Go from Here. SSRN. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115146.
  40. Eisenberger, N.I., Lieberman, M.D. & Williams, K.D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643): 290-292. DOI: 10.1126/science.1089134.
  41. Fiske, S.T. (2004). Intent and Ordinary Bias: Unintended Thought and Social Motivation Create Casual Prejudice. Social Justice Research, 17(2): 117-127. DOI: 10.1023/B:SORE.0000027405.94966.23.
  42. Fiske, S.T. & Taylor, S.E. (2008). Social cognition: from brains to culture. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
  43. Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization and development of the self. New York: Other Press.
  44. Forgas, J.P. & Harmon-Jones, E. (2014). Motivation and Its Regulation: The Control Within. London: Psychology Press.
  45. Forgas, J.P., Haselton, M.G. & Von Hippel, W. (2011). Evolution and the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Social Cognition. London: Psychology Press.
  46. Frith, C.D. & Frith, U. (2008). Implicit and Explicit Processes in Social Cognition. Neuron, 60(3): 503-510. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2008.10.032.
  47. Frith, C.D. & Frith, U. (2012). Mechanisms of social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 63: 287-313. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100449.
  48. Gilbert, P. (1989). Human Nature and Suffering. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  49. Gilbert, P. (2007). Psychotherapy and Counselling for Depression (3rd ed.). London: Sage. DOI: 10.4135/9781446279830.
  50. Gilbert, P. (2004). Social Mentalities A Biopsychosocial and Evolutionary Approach to Social Relationships. In M.W. Baldwin (ed.), Interpersonal Cognition (pp. 299-333). New York: The Guilford Press.
  51. Gilbert, P. & Grimaldi, P. (2011). Lo sviluppo psicopatologico dell’ansia sociale: motivazioni, desiderabilità e attrattiva. In M. Procacci, R. Popolo & N. Marsigli (a cura di), Ansia e ritiro sociale. Valutazione e trattamento. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
  52. Gilbert, P. & Miles, J.N.V. (2000). Evolution, Genes, Development and Psychopathology. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7(4): 246-255. DOI: /10.1002/1099-0879(200010)7:4<246::AID-CPP255>3.0.CO;2-5.
  53. Green, M.F. (2016). Impact of Cognitive and Social Cognitive Impairment on Functional Outcomes in Patients with Schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 77(2): 8569. DOI: 10.4088/JCP.14074su1c.02.
  54. Green, M.F., Penn, D.L., Bentall, R., Carpenter, W.T., Gaebel, W., Gur, R.C., Kring, A.M., Park, S., Silverstein, S.M. & Heinssen, R. (2008). Social cognition in schizophrenia: An NIMH workshop on definitions, assessment, and research opportunities. In Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34(6): 1211-1220. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbm145.
  55. Grimaldi, P. (2019). Un modello cognitivo integrato per l’ansia sociale. In P. Grimaldi (a cura di), Ansia sociale. Clinica e terapia in una prospettiva cognitivista integrata. Milano: FrancoAngeli.
  56. Grisham, J.R., Steketee, G. & Frost, R.O. (2007). Interpersonal problems and emotional intelligence in compulsive hoarding. Depression and Anxiety, 25(9): E63-E71. DOI: 10.1002/da.20327.
  57. Gunderson, J.G. & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2008). BPD’s interpersonal hypersensitivity phenotype: a gene-environment-developmental model. Journal of Personality Disorders, 22(1): 22-41. DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2008.22.1.22.BPD.
  58. Happé, F. & Frith, U. (1996). The neuropsychology of autism. Brain, 119(4): 1377-1400. DOI: 10.1093/brain/119.4.1377.
  59. Harvey, P.D. & Penn, D. (2010). Social Cognition: The Key Factor Predicting Social Outcome in People with Schizophrenia? Psychiatry, 7(2): 41-44.
  60. Healey, M.L. & Grossman, M. (2018). Cognitive and affective perspective-taking: Evidence for shared and dissociable anatomical substrates. Frontiers in Neurology, 9, 491. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00491.
  61. Jacobs, L., Marcus, M., Rosenthal, J., Jacobs, L. & Marcus, M. (2007). Beyond shy: When to suspect social anxiety disorder. Journal of Family Practice, 56(5): 369-374.
  62. Jacobs, M., Snow, J., Geraci, M., Vythilingam, M., Blair, R.J. R., Charney, D.S., Pine, D.S. & Blair, K.S. (2008). Association between level of emotional intelligence and severity of anxiety in generalized social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(8): 1487-1495. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.003.
  63. Jansen, M., Overgaauw, S. & De Bruijn, E.R.A. (2020). Social Cognition and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review of Subdomains of Social Functioning. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 118. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00118.
  64. Kenrick, D.T., Griskevicius, V., Neuberg, S.L. & Schaller, M. (2010). Renovating the pyramid of needs: Contemporary extensions built upon ancient foundations. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3): 292-314. DOI: 10.1177/1745691610369469.
  65. Kenrick, D.T., Maner, J.K. & Li, N.P. (2005). Evolutionary Social Psychology. In D. Buss (ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. N. J.: Wiley.
  66. Korman, J., Voiklis, J. & Malle, B.F. (2015). The social life of cognition. Cognition, 135: 30-35. DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.11.005.
  67. Kurzban, R. & Leary, M.R. (2001). Evolutionary Origins of Stigmatization: The Functions of Social Exclusion. Psychological Bulletin, 127(2): 187-208. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.187.
  68. Kurzban, R. & Neuberg, S.L. (2005). Managing Ingroup and Outgroup Relationships. In D. Buss (ed.), The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. N. J.: Wiley.
  69. Ladegaard, N., Larsen, E.R., Videbech, P. & Lysaker, P.H. (2014). Higher-order social cognition in first-episode major depression. Psychiatry Researchearch, 216(1): 37-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.12.010.
  70. Lee, M., Ahn, H.S., Kwon, S.K. & Kim, S.I. (2018). Cooperative and Competitive Contextual Effects on Social Cognitive and Empathic Neural Responses. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 12: 218. DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00218.
  71. Liotti, G. (1994). La dimensione interpersonale della coscienza. Roma: Carocci.
  72. Liotti, G. (2001). Le opere della coscienza. Psicopatologia e psicoterapia nella prospettiva cognitivo-evoluzionista. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
  73. Liotti, G. & Gilbert, P. (2011). Mentalizing, motivation, and social mentalities: Theoretical considerations and implications for psychotherapy. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 84(1): 9-25. DOI: 10.1348/147608310X520094.
  74. Lipton, M. & Nowicki, S. (2009). The social emotional learning framework (SELF): A guide for understanding brain-based social emotional learning impairments. Journal of Developmental Processes, 4(2): 99-115.
  75. Liu, F., Zhu, C., Wang, Y., Guo, W., Li, M., Wang, W., Long, Z., Meng, Y., Cui, Q., Zeng, L., Gong, Q., Zhang, W. & Chen, H. (2015). Disrupted cortical hubs in functional brain networks in social anxiety disorder. Clinical Neurophysiology, 126(9): 1711-1716. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.11.014.
  76. Lysaker, P.H., Cheli, S., Dimaggio, G., Buck, B., Bonfils, K.A., Huling, K., Wiesepape, C. & Lysaker, J.T. (2021). Metacognition, social cognition, and mentalizing in psychosis: are these distinct constructs when it comes to subjective experience or are we just splitting hairs? BMC Psychiatry, 21(1): 1-14. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03338-4.
  77. Manaresi, F., Cotugno, A., Onofri, A. & Tombolini, L. (2008). Le forme della mentalizzazione nei contesti interpersonali. In G. Liotti & F. Monticelli (eds.), I sistemi motivazionali nel dialogo clinico. Milano: Raffaello Cortina.
  78. Mason, T.B., Lesser, E.L., Dolgon-Krutolow, A.R., Wonderlich, S.A. & Smith, K.E. (2021). An updated transdiagnostic review of social cognition and eating disorder psychopathology. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 143: 602-627. DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.019.
  79. Mavrogiorgou, P., Bethge, M., Luksnat, S., Nalato, F., Juckel, G. & Brüne, M. (2016). Social cognition and metacognition in obsessive-compulsive disorder: an explorative pilot study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 266(3): 209-216. DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0669-6.
  80. Mayer, J.D., Salovey, P. & Caruso, D.R. (2004). Emotional intelligence: Theory, findings, and implications. Psychological Inquiry, 15(3): 197-215. DOI: 10.1207/s15327965pli1503_02.
  81. Meneguzzo, P., Collantoni, E., Bonello, E., Busetto, P., Tenconi, E. & Favaro, A. (2020). The predictive value of the early maladaptive schemas in social situations in anorexia nervosa. European Eating Disorders Review, 28(3): 318-331. DOI: 10.1002/erv.2724.
  82. Monticelli, F., Imperatori, C., Carcione, A., Pedone, R. & Farina, B. (2018). Cooperation in psychotherapy increases metacognitive abilities: A single-case study. Rivista di psichiatria, 53(6): 336-340. DOI: 10.1708/3084.30768.
  83. Morgan, G.P., Joseph, K. & Carley, K.M. (2017). The Power of Social Cognition. Journal of Social Structure, 18: 1-23. DOI: 10.21307/joss-2018-002.
  84. Moroni, F., Procacci, M., Pellecchia, G., Semerari, A., Nicolò, G., Carcione, A., Pedone, R. & Colle, L. (2016). Mindreading dysfunction in avoidant personality disorder compared with other personality disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(10): 752-757. DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000536.
  85. Neuberg, S.L. & Schaller, M. (2015). Evolutionary social cognition. In M. Mikulincer, P.R. Shaver, E. Borgida & J.A. Bargh (eds.), APA handbook of personality and social psychology, vol. 1: Attitudes and social cognition (pp. 3-45). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
  86. Nicolò, G. & Nobile, M.S. (2003). Il modello del Disturbo Paranoide di Personalità. In G. Dimaggio & A. Semerari (eds.), I Disturbi di Personalità. Modelli e trattamento Stati mentali, metarappresentazione, cicli interpersonali. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
  87. Nietlisbach, G. & Maercker, A. (2009). Social cognition and interpersonal impairments in trauma survivors with PTSD. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 18(4): 382-402. DOI: 10.1080/10926770902881489.
  88. Nikolić, M. (2020). Social emotions and social cognition in the development of social anxiety disorder. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17(5): 649-663. DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2020.1722633.
  89. Nikolić, M., van der Storm, L., Colonnesi, C., Brummelman, E., Kan, K.J. & Bögels, S. (2019). Are Socially Anxious Children Poor or Advanced Mindreaders? Child Development, 90(4): 1424-1441. DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13248.
  90. Plana, I., Lavoie, M.A., Battaglia, M. & Achim, A.M. (2014). A meta-analysis and scoping review of social cognition performance in social phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder and other anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(2): 169-177. DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.09.005.
  91. Poletti, M., Enrici, I. & Adenzato, M. (2012). Cognitive and affective Theory of Mind in neurodegenerative diseases: Neuropsychological, neuroanatomical and neurochemical levels. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(9): 2147-2164. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.07.004.
  92. Preißler, S., Dziobek, I., Ritter, K., Heekeren, H.R. & Roepke, S. (2010). Social cognition in borderline personality disorder: Evidence for disturbed recognition of the emotions, thoughts, and intentions of others. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 2(4): 182. DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00182.
  93. Price, J., Sloman, L., Gardner, R.J., Gilbert, P. & Rohde, P. (1994). The social competition hypothesis of depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 164(3): 309-315. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.164.3.309.
  94. Quinn, K.A., Macrae, C.N. & Bodenhausen, G.V. (2006). Social Cognition. In L. Nadel (ed.), Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. DOI: 10.1002/0470018860.s00619.
  95. Rilling, J.K., King-Casas, B. & Sanfey, A.G. (2008). The neurobiology of social decision-making. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 18(2): 159-165. DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2008.06.003.
  96. Roepke, S., Vater, A., Preißler, S., Heekeren, H.R. & Dziobek, I. (2012). Social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 6: 195. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00195.
  97. Russell, T.A., Schmidt, U., Doherty, L., Young, V. & Tchanturia, K. (2009). Aspects of social cognition in anorexia nervosa: Affective and cognitive theory of mind. Psychiatry Researchearch, 168(3): 181-185. DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.10.028.
  98. Savla, G.N., Vella, L., Armstrong, C.C., Penn, D.L. & Twamley, E.W. (2013). Deficits in domains of social cognition in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of the empirical evidence. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 39(5): 979-992. DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbs080.
  99. Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Procacci, M. & Centro, T. (2007). Understanding minds: Different functions and different disorders? The contribution of psychotherapy research. Psychotherapy Research, 17(1): 106-119. DOI: 10.1080/10503300500536953.
  100. Semerari, A., Colle, L., Pedone, R., Nicolò, G., Carcione, A., Buccione, I., Procacci, M., Dimaggio, G. & Pellecchia, G. (2014). Metacognitive Dysfunctions in Personality Disorders: Correlations With Disorder Severity and Personality Styles. Journal of Personality Disorders, 28(6): 751-766. DOI: 10.1521/pedi_2014_28_137.
  101. Semerari, A. & Dimaggio, G. (2003). I disturbi di personalità. Modelli e trattamento. Stati mentali, metarappresentazione, cicli interpersonali. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
  102. Semerari, A., Angerio, S., Popolo, R., Cucchi, M., Ronchi, P., Maffei, C., Dimaggio, G., Nicolò, G., Carcione, A., Centro, I.I.I. & Raffaele, S. (2008). L’intervista per la valutazione della metacognizione (IVaM). Cognitivismo Clinico, 174-192.
  103. Sharp, C., Fonagy, P. & Allen, J.G. (2012). Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Social-Cognitive Perspective. Clinical Psychology, 19(3): 229-240. DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12002.
  104. Steele, R.S. & Morawski, J.G. (2002). Implicit Cognition and the Social Unconscious. Theory & Psychology, 12(1): 37-54. DOI: 10.1177/0959354302121003.
  105. Stiglmayr, C.E., Grathwol, T., Linehan, M.M., Ihorst, G., Fahrenberg, J. & Bohus, M. (2005). Aversive tension in patients with borderline personality disorder: A computer-based controlled field study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(5): 372-379. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00466.x.
  106. tibi-Elhanany, Y. & Shamay-tsoory, S.G. (2011). Social Cognition in Social Anxiety: First Evidence for Increased Empathic Abilities. Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences, 48(2): 98-106.
  107. Venta, A., Hatkevich, C., Mellick, W., Vanwoerden, S. & Sharp, C. (2017). Social cognition mediates the relation between attachment schemas and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(1): 88-95. DOI: 10.1037/tra0000165.
  108. Weightman, M.J., Air, T.M. & Baune, B.T. (2014). A review of the role of social cognition in major depressive disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5: 179. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00179.
  109. Wells, A. (2009). Theory and Nature of Metacognitive Therapy. Metacognitive Therapy for Anxiety and Depression. New York: Guilford Press.
  110. Williams, K.D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58: 425-452. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641.
  111. Williams, K.D. & Nida, S.A. (2011). Ostracism: Consequences and coping. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20(2): 71-75. DOI: 10.1177/0963721411402480.
  112. Young, J., Klosko, J. & Weishaar, M. (2003). Schema therapy: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Guilford Press.
  113. Ziv, I., Leiser, D. & Levine, J. (2011). Social cognition in schizophrenia: Cognitive and affective factors. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 16(1): 71-91. DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2010.492693.

Pietro Grimaldi, Cognizione sociale, metacognizione e psicopatologia in "QUADERNI DI PSICOTERAPIA COGNITIVA" 51/2022, pp 9-31, DOI: 10.3280/qpc51-2022oa15180