RISULTATI RICERCA

The purpose of this study is a legal assessment of changes in environmental law in the context of foreign trade relations. In the course of this study, author used legal analysis and statistical legal method, which consisted of review and synthesis of the legal framework for environmental protection, analysis of its changes and the impact on environmental and trade indicators. Subsequently author examined the effect of environmental law reforms on foreign trade performance and built a model studying effect of environmental law improvements on trade performance of harmful sub- stances and emissions. This study gives us an opportunity to conclude that the har- monization of national environmental legislation with the standards established by the world community affects the structure of trade turnover, giving preference to green economy products by replacing products containing harmful substances. This work contributes to the process of implementing changes into international treaty and trade law, provides an opportunity to review shortcomings in environmental laws and acts at the national level and helps the institutions to make the right deci- sions to refine them.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on every possible domain of life in every country. The legal environment of Kazakhstan is no exception, namely public relations and the mechanism for their regulation, since they have also been mod- ified. To a greater extent, such transformations concerned the subject, method and methods of legal regulation. The purpose is to determine the characteristic changes in the regulation of public relations during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, governments, including Kazakhstan’s, have had to impose severe restrictions. To a greater extent, they concerned the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals and legal entities, as well as forms and approaches to the regulation of social relations.

The use of digital technologies in accounting and auditing is relevant for Kazakh enterprises, in connection with the development of digitalization of the economy in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study describes in detail the types of digital tech- nologies in accounting and auditing: blockchain, cloud technologies, Big Data, soft- ware robots and artificial intelligence, the Internet of things. The article studied in depth the essence of each of the mentioned technologies, as well as the level of their use in Kazakhstan accounting. Digital accounting and auditing technologies facili- tate accountants and auditors’ work, help to easily obtain primary information, avoid mistakes, and quickly generate financial and management reports. The transition of accounting and auditing to digital technologies has accelerated in recent years due to the COVID-19 pandemic and telecommuting. The article is aimed at studying digital technologies in accounting and auditing at enterprises, as well as the problems and prospects for implementation in accounting and auditing at enterprises of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study used methods: general scientific, specific, anal- ysis, synthesis, hypothesis, comparison, generalization, observation, induction, de- duction, and abstraction. The main results of the study are the identification of the main problems in the use of digital technologies in accounting and auditing at Ka- zakh enterprises, as well as the prospects for their development and the future from their implementation. The conclusions specify what has already been implemented in accounting and auditing at Kazakh enterprises and list the main ways of introduc- ing the described foreign digital technologies in accounting and auditing. The prac- tical significance of the obtained results will allow enterprises to determine the best digital technology for its implementation in accounting and auditing.

Kazakhstani grain market is an integral part of the agro-food complex (AFC) func- tioning in a difficult macroeconomic situation and requires the establishment of a pricing policy for grain products, the liberalization of trade in grain and processed products, taking into account the scale of effective demand and the standard of living of the population. The relevance of the problem stated in the article is due to the acquisition of profitable opportunities, but with high competitiveness requirements and the risks of being a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the theoretical as well as scientific and meth- odological foundations for the grain market development with an assessment of the existing practice of applying WTO system agreements on disputes over trade in grain and its products. Methods. Using the methods of analysis, synthesis and comparison, the individual stages and the procedure for resolving grain disputes are studied tak- ing into account the experience of countries participating in grain disputes. The arti- cle describes the issues of functioning of the grain products market in Kazakhstan. As a result of the study, it was possible to find out that the methods of settling trade and improving the existing legal system through the analysis of WTO dispute reso- lution resources positively affect the development of the agricultural sector in Ka- zakhstan. The development of new trade rules within the WTO framework provides access to the global market for agricultural products and provides assistance on the scale of regional trade agreements.

The relevance is conditioned by the need for a substantive investigation of the current state of the problems of legal provision of epidemiological safety of the population in the context of modern challenges caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose is a qualitative investigation of the problems of legal provision of sanitary safety of the population in the context of modern challenges, and the search for effective opportunities to ensure legal protection of measures for the qualitative solution of problematic issues related to solving the problems of epidemiological safety of the main segments of the population. The results indicate significant successes achieved to date in the Republic of Kazakhstan in matters of legal regulation of sanitary and epidemiological safety of the population.

The purpose is a doctrinal interpretation of the concept of constitutional regulation, its content, and issues of its limits. The study covers the relationship between constitutional regulation and the broader concept of legal regulation. Conclusions are drawn regarding the uselessness of doctrinal and legislative establishment of the limits of constitutional regulation when it comes to the boundaries of the field of con- stitutional law. The conclusions and proposals obtained are of some importance for the development of a scientifically based doctrine of constitutional, legislative, and subordinate regulation, which in turn will affect the improvement of legal technology of legislation and the effectiveness of the mechanism of legal regulation of public relations.

La voce e il canto in luoghi storici e archeologici per viaggiare nel tempo attraverso il suono. Performance sonore e vocali attraverso la ricerca e la sperimentazione all'interno di spazi che hanno straordinarie architetture e riverberi. Avere una connessione con la profondità storica, geografica e culturale delle origini attraverso le nostre "Voci di Dentro" per creare "Altri Spazi" e migliorare le qualità percettive e di emissione vocale. Con voce e strumenti musicali è possibile improvvisare in totale libertà, ispirandosi alla forte relazione con i luoghi, utilizzando strumenti che si adattano agli ambienti come percussioni, strumenti a fiato, strumenti ad arco, conchiglie, pietre e acqua. I luoghi delle performance sono: Le antiche Terme di Baia, Il Castel Sant'Elmo (Napoli), Il Castello Maschio Angioino (Napoli).  Oltre all'esperienza artistica, terapeutica, sonora e sperimentale, il progetto si propone come un percorso di valorizzare e fruizione dei siti storici, archeologici, moderni e postmoderni e della comunicazione tra antiche e nuove tradizioni, realizzando performance dal vivo e produzioni audiovisive. L’autore conduce, da oltre 10 anni, la sperimentazione e la ricerca de La Voce negli Antichi Spazi in diverse università, convegni e accademie italiane.

The origin of the Theatre of Arts Academy of Tirana dates back to the early 20th Century, based on the design of the Italian architect Gherardo Bosio. It was almost abandoned in the last 20 years and only recently a complete renovation has been undertaken, including the extension of the Orchestra pit. Measurements were carried out at different points in the platea, in the gallery and in the lodges, using both balloon bursting and sine sweep convolution technique. The results of the measurements achieved in each of the areas with the two different techniques were compared with each other and with the reference values given by literature. According to the measurements, the Theatre appears to be rather dull, but is nevertheless listed as one of the best theatres in Albania. Acoustic measurements (monaural and binaural IRs) were then used to calibrate the 3D simulation model and to elaborate the new acoustic design of the Theatre, the most important part of which concerns the reopening of the Orchestra pit, which had been closed and unused for the past decades. The paper briefly reports the history of the Theatre and the most important outcomes of measurements and simulations.

Rispetto ad un impianto audio installato in un luogo convenzionale, aspetti come il percorso dei cavi, le dimensioni e le posizioni degli altoparlanti sono soggetti a limitazioni che richiedono una particolare attenzione da parte dell'appaltatore, nella definizione del layout dell'impianto e della sua messa a punto. Inoltre, sono presenti tutte le problematiche tipiche legate alla progettazione di un impianto audio in un grande spazio all’aperto principalmente legate alla velocità di propagazione del suono e alla capacità di integrazione dell'orecchio umano. Nel presente articolo è presentata la metodologia di progettazione del sistema.

Modern technologies have become a familiar feature in experiencing our cultural heritage. With the AURA (Auralisation of acoustic heritage sites using Augmented and Virtual Reality) project, music and opera houses in Berlin, Florence and Lviv opened up to the potentials of auralisation for music performing arts and establishments. AURA reached out to the European music community and offer a wide range of opportunities of building new audiences, new business models, new performance practices and exciting new aural experiences. Also, it aims to create a model for cross sectoral collaboration to foster creativity and to promote European heritage in new ways. The present article describes the procedures applied by Vie en.ro.se Ingegneria project partner to engage different target groups, make them experience auralised models of the three theatres and assess their perception through a questionnaire designed ad-hoc for each group and through the participation in round tables discussions. The main outcomes from the analysis of the collected data are reported, together with the structure of video tutorials implemented to ensure a wide dissemination of results.

The ongoing “Sonic Heritage” project aims to develop a new multidisciplinary analytical approach that models the relationship between the intangible aspects and the spatial configuration of performative spaces of the past in order to assess the risks to sonic heritage of particular case studies in Italy, and to contribute to the monitoring of present-day sound and noise for the future management and preservation of historical cultural heritage. Moreover, this project also concerns the risk assessment of sonic heritage in ancient theatrical spaces as well as the modern reuse of these theatrical structures and the relationship with their intangible aspects, environment, and landscape. This paper will present some issues raised by the “Sonic Heritage” project concerning the study of sonic heritage of ancient theatres and how sonic heritage could be preserved and managed in the future.

During the process of urban development in Greece a part of the first ancient theatre of Larissa was revealed. Today, after several expropriations and support frameworks, the theatre is fully excavated and partly reconstructed. Recently, an International Open Ideas Competition was launched for the urban regeneration of the surrounding area and the enhancement of the theatre’s value and function. This paper presents the historic information of the theatre, it describes its evolution through the centuries, responding to the city’s development, it investigates its acoustics based on previous measurements, noise maps, land use and the contemporary soundscape. Moreover, it discusses the competition axes and urban design approaches aiming to identify the effect of the application of design proposals to the theatre’s function and future use.

L’articolo illustra i primi risultati relativi ad una campagna di misure acustiche effettuate all’interno del Teatro Greco di Siracusa, e il confronto di quanto ottenuto sperimentalmente con i risultati di una simulazione numerica effettuata con codice di calcolo. Lo studio ha evidenziato le ottime caratteristiche acustiche del teatro, la sostanziale rispondenza dello STI misurato con lo STI calcolato, e una sovrastima del C50 calcolato. Inoltre, i rilievi sperimentali hanno evidenziato un comportamento inatteso presso un area specifica del teatro, che sarà successivamente indagato.  

The architectural heritage of the Classical age, present both in Italy and in the other Mediterranean countries, has been subject over the centuries to different phenomena that have caused either its abandonment or the continuation of its use, its transformation or the loss of its integrity. These processes have ensured the survival of these buildings through a continuous integration in urban and cultural activities. The paper presents the results of research aimed at the preservation of this heritage, suggesting strategies for its enhancement that proposes a project for tourist fruition according to theatres, amphiteatres and their cultural and geographical landscape.

In the mind of C.W. Sabine, reverberation time was thought as a numerical index of what was happening in a closed hall when a sound source acting within was suddenly stopped: the original idea was that sound rays where travelling in any direction reinforcing residual sound energy, but at the same time overlapping audible messages that these rays where carrying to the listener’s brain. As well known, he stated a formula linking the R.T. value to the hall volume and to the capacity of the impinged surfaces to keep a fraction of the sound energy: from one hundred years to now, many authors researched in the field and stated the best R.T. values for the listener of different kinds of sound. Surely Greeks and Romans did not know the possible existence of such a parameter, as they acted in open spaces, neither Vitruvius and, successively Alberti, Milizia, Poletti and so on, even if the tile cover utilized by the Romans to preserve from sun light and rain was avoiding that some sound energy dispersed in the sky. Surely the modern computer assisted measurement techniques are able to keep some kind of sound decay even in an ancient theatre, but we are aware, as Greeks were, that they are derived only from reflections travelling quite horizontally, between vertical structures, or inclined between actors and spectators via orchestra floor, when not occupied from public. This paper will present a specific and synthetic survey on the subject.

La ricostruzione acustica di spazi antichi, esistenti in condizioni molto diverse o non più esistenti, sta diventando un’attività sempre più diffusa in diversi campi di ricerca. La disponibilità di diversi software ha portato la simulazione acustica fuori dai laboratori specializzati e ha permesso a un pubblico molto più ampio di sfruttare le loro potenzialità. Tuttavia, come qualsiasi altro strumento di simulazione, l’affidabilità dei risultati deve essere attentamente valutata in quanto dipende da una serie di fattori relativi alla corretta conoscenza del processo di simulazione e delle caratteristiche dell’edificio da simulare.

Ancient theatres are some of the most significant cultural and architectural masterpieces of the ancient world. The Greeks and Romans developed these spaces for entertainment, political and social commentary, religious rituals and artistic expression. They were built with great attention to acoustics and sightlines. The use of materials such as marble, stone, and brick helped to reflect and amplify sound, while seating arrangements and other architectural features were used to optimize the audience’s listening experience. Today, many ancient theatres have been restored or preserved and are often still used for public performances including opera, drama, speech and music. Furthermore, researchers continue to study the acoustic properties of these ancient spaces, seeking to better understand the technical and artistic innovations that enabled the creation of such remarkable buildings. These aspects, as well as more interdisciplinary studies, were presented and discussed during the Symposium on The Acoustics of Ancient Theatres, held in Verona from 6 to 8 July 2022. The Symposium, organized by the Acoustical Society of Italy (AIA) and the European Acoustics Association (EAA), with the collaboration of the Hellenic Institute of Acoustics (HELINA), was the second on this topic after the one held in Patras (Greece) in 2011. The program of the Symposium included keynote speeches, presentations in structured sessions, posters, technical visits to the Verona Arena and Roman Theatre, workshops and demos. The visit to the Verona Arena was particularly inspiring, as it was possible to enter the technical areas and backstage usually closed to visitors, thanks to the Stage Director who guided the visit. The evolution and development of new technologies for the multichannel measurement systems, together with acoustic simulations, auralisation methods and virtual reconstructions, have generated renewed interest in these ancient spaces and it is commendable that the Rivista Italiana di Acustica (RIA) is devoting an entire issue to publish some of the works presented during the Symposium. The special issue includes 10 papers, divided into 5 invited contributions, 3 scientific papers and 2 technical notes. Papers dealing with issues related to Italy and its theatres were prioritised. 

L’atteso riordino della disciplina dei servizi pubblici locali di rilevanza economica ha riportato all’attenzione il dibattito sull’equilibrio tra concorrenza, politiche in- dustriali e regole. Il Testo Unico ha il pregio di aver in parte sistematizzato le di- sorganiche e stratificate previsioni normative e di avere enucleato i princìpi sui quali orientare le azioni in materia: il necessario punto di partenza sul quale inne- stare nuovi percorsi per sostenere lo sviluppo dei servizi pubblici locali. I servizi pubblici a rete necessitano di una governance chiara e di una iniezione di compe- tenze e managerialità: un approccio industriale per stare al passo con le sfide dell’economia circolare e della transizione energetica. Per tradurre efficacemente i princìpi occorre capire come concretamente verranno esercitate le funzioni da parte dei diversi soggetti coinvolti.