RISULTATI RICERCA

Le riflessioni che l’autore propone fanno riferimento ai lavori di Norbert Elias e al suo approccio configurazionale rispetto al quale si sostiene che in Italia si so-no susseguite tre diverse configurazioni sanitarie e di salute. La prima "a welfare residuale" (dall’Unità ai primi anni del Novecento) appare contraddistinta da bisogni di cura molto ampi, da una tutela pubblica limitata, da una concezione di salute ristretta e da rapporti terapeutici asimmetrici più a favore dei pazienti che dei medici. Nella seconda configurazione "a welfare categoriale" (dal fascismo alla crisi della prima repubblica) la salute, intesa in termini bio-medici, si coniuga con la dominanza della professione medica e con un sistema mutualistico dif-ferenziato e basato su servizi ospedalieri per malattie acute. La terza configura-zione "a welfare universalistico-selettivo" giunge fino al 2020 quando la pan-demia potrebbe determinarne la crisi. In essa il modello di salute bio-psico-sociale stenta ad imporsi, così come la riorganizzazione dei servizi pubblici in termini universalistici e territoriali.

Lo scopo e il compito di una programmazione economica nazionale e sovrana-zionale come quella che caratterizzano il PNRR, dopo la crisi pandemica del 2020, si intreccia necessariamente con il rispetto del principio di sostenibilità dei progetti di rilancio dei sistemi economico-produttivi. L’attuazione di opere ispi-rate al modello di una razionalità conseguenzialista, che è alla base del control-lo di sostenibilità, deve tuttavia confrontarsi con istanze provenienti dai soggetti destinatari delle misure di intervento e quindi con la differenziazione sociale de-gli utenti e dei titolari del diritto alle politiche di sostegno. Questa evidenza deve a sua volta tener conto del fatto che l’orizzonte dei Diritti non può essere consi-derato alla stregua di un sistema inerte, bensì caratterizzato da cambiamenti e da una continua ridefinizione del contenuto degli stessi Diritti Umani. Il principio di sostenibilità investe perciò anche il campo della cultura e quello delle compatibi-lità simboliche di una comunità nazionale, sollevando interrogativi di non facile governabilità politico-culturale.

The article gives an overview over the relations between West and East Ger- many between the signing of the Basic Treaty in 1972 and the demise of the German Democratic Republic (Gdr) in the peaceful revolution of 1989. In 1972, the Federal Republic had consented to a de facto recognition of the Gdr but adhered to its constitutional obligation to reunification while the Gdr aimed at recogni- tion by international law from its West German rival. The Federal Government’s short-term policy was to make the inner-German border more permeable. To contrast this, the East German leadership tried to delimitate the Gdr from the West by raising the compulsory exchange for visitors in 1973. But the Gdr had objective di?culties to uphold its policy of delimitation. On the one hand, West German economic and political conditions remained points of reference for the East Germans, especially after East-West contacts were enhanced during the Détente. On the other hand, the Gdr became increasingly economically depen- dent on the Federal Republic, especially after the Soviet Union substantially reduced the support in 1981. In the Eighties, it permitted many more inner-Ger- man human contacts than it would have liked. Moreover, the East German le- adership under Erich Honecker in 1983 did not yield to Soviet pressure to in- crease delimitation vis à vis the Federal Republic after the German Bundestag in November 1983 had decided to deploy Inf weapons. Honecker took his visit to West Germany in September 1987 as the final recognition the Gdr. But his triumph was short-lived. From 1987, relations between Moscow and the Frg became more important than those between Moscow and East Berlin. The Gdr was threatened by isolation. In the end it was the Gdr’s weakness with regard to economic power, its unwanted political system and the unsolved German question, which led to its defeat in the contest with the Federal Republic.

DSM V has conceptualized for the fi rst time the Gambling Disorder which is sorted amongst the addictions, within the category of “non related with substances”; as of the previous release of DSM it was classified as “urges control disorder”.Meanwhile there is a rising interest upon the subject between clinicians and scholars to improve conceptualizing, understanding and therefore indentify the best treatment options.It is thus essential to consider the gambling disorder in all its complexity; paying also attention on the recent growth of online gambling.Nowadays most of the patients accessing public and private Services with a diagnosis of gambling disorder tend to prefer online play and thus the clinician is set on new challenges and must rethink and modify the intervention.The purpose of this article is to introduce the gambling disorder phenomenon, with due attention on its online declination, and successively postulate a course of treatment given its peculiarities.

The research had as its object of study psychoactive substances, specifi cally cocaine addiction which today has a prevalence of 1.8% worldwide.In collaboration with the Onlus Incontro Community, all those subjects who undertook a residential therapeutic-rehabilitative path for a Cocaine Use Disorder, sometimes with psychiatric comorbidity, were evaluated longitudinally, in order to carry out an in-depth characterization from the point of sociodemographic, clinical and psychopathological view.The primary objective was to identify, within these clinical and psychopathological variables, the possible predictive factors of out-come in subjects affected by DUC.Furthermore, the objective was to verify how, following a three-month community journey matured from the moment of entry into the Community, the depressive symptoms, the hedonic-volitional drive, the levels of craving and the general state of health change according to the time spent in the Structure.The present was a prospective observational study that included a sample of 70 patients with a primary diagnosis of Cocaine Use Disorder, recruited consecutively at the study facility, between November 2021 and May 2022.The study envisaged, in an initial phase – within a maximum of two weeks of hospitalization – the compilation of a medical history form for the collection of socio-demographic information.Seventy patients with Cocaine Use Disorder were evaluated, of whom 49 completed the three-month followup.The sample is therefore composed of 54 male subjects (77.1%), 16 female subjects (22.9%) with an average age of 39.6 ± 10.1 years. 77.1% of the sample is unmarried, 21.4% is separated and only 1.4% is married.70% of patients live with their family of origin/spouse and 30% live alone.The level of schooling was 9.41 ± 3.70, this means that on average, the sample completed lower secondary school and attended the fi rst year of high school. 52.9% of the sample has a job, while 47.1% is unemployed.With regard to the type of occupation, 2.9% study, 21.4% perform occasional jobs and the remainder work regularly. 74.3% of the sample smoke cigarettes, with an average of 12.9 ± 9.18 per day. Furthermore, 1/3 of the sample presented legal problems.