From production to consumption: An inter-sectoral analysis of air emissions external costs in Italy

Titolo Rivista ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Autori/Curatori Andrea Molocchi
Anno di pubblicazione 2021 Fascicolo 2020/2
Lingua Inglese Numero pagine 26 P. 155-180 Dimensione file 590 KB
DOI 10.3280/EFE2020-002007
Il DOI è il codice a barre della proprietà intellettuale: per saperne di più clicca qui

Qui sotto puoi vedere in anteprima la prima pagina di questo articolo.

Se questo articolo ti interessa, lo puoi acquistare (e scaricare in formato pdf) seguendo le facili indicazioni per acquistare il download credit. Acquista Download Credits per scaricare questo Articolo in formato PDF

Anteprima articolo

FrancoAngeli è membro della Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA)associazione indipendente e non profit per facilitare (attraverso i servizi tecnologici implementati da CrossRef.org) l’accesso degli studiosi ai contenuti digitali nelle pubblicazioni professionali e scientifiche

Aim of the paper is to attempt an estimate of the air emissions external costs related to activity sectors in Italy with both a production and demand perspective and to explore possible appli-cations of the approach in public policies. This is done by adopting an environmentally ex-tended national input-output modelling (about 20 substances are covered, among which CO2 emissions) and law recognized methods for calculating air emissions external costs in Italy. The external costs resulting from this exercise on 2015 emissions sum up to € 77.4 billion, € 51.7 billion of which are related to all economy sectors of activity, while € 25.7 billion are due to household activities. Total external costs of air emissions embodied in final demand sum up to 53.0 billion euro in 2015 if total activated production is considered (including external costs embodied in imports), while they decrease to 36.1 billion euro if only domestic activated pro-duction is considered (assuming zero external costs embodied in imports). The specific exter-nal costs embodied in final demand, calculated for each sector through input-output analysis, are then compared with the specific external costs of direct emissions of the same sector pro-duction, highlighting the additional information provided by input-output analysis: many branches with relatively low direct external costs show much higher external costs when the supply chain branches are included in the assessment. A final chapter discusses the main poli-cy application areas of the suggested approach, focusing particularly on national environmental fiscal reform, company level environmental management, public investments planning and sustainable finance.

Keywords:Polluter pays principle, external costs, environmental taxes, air emissions, inputoutput analysis, supply chain.

Jel codes:H23, Q48, Q51

  1. Baumol W., Oates W. (1988). The Theory of Environmental Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9781139173513.005
  2. Buchanan J.M. (1969). External Diseconomies, Corrective Taxes, and Market Structure, The American Economic Review, 59(1): 174-177 -- https://www.jstor.org/stable/1811104?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents.
  3. Capriolo A., Boschetto R.G., Mascolo R.A., Balbi S., Villa F. (2020). Biophysical and economic assessment of four ecosystem services for natural capital accounting in Italy, Ecosystem Services, 46, 101207, ISSN 2212-0416.
  4. CASES (2009). Cost Assessment for Sustainable Energy Systems, Coordination action by the EC under the Sixth Framework Programme, Priority 6.1.3.2.5, Sustainable energy systems. (Excel file on NEEDS damage values – D.02.2) -- http://www.feem-project.net/cases/downloads_deliverables.php.
  5. Ciaian P., Gomez y Paloma S. (2011). The Value of EU Agricultural Landscape, JRC Scientific and Technical reports, EUR 24868 EN Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2791/60382
  6. CE Delft, INFRAS, Fraunhofer ISI (2011). External Costs of Transport in Europe, update for 2008, Delft, CE Delft, November 2011 -- http://ecocalc-test.ecotransit.org/CE_Delft_4215_External_Costs_of_Transport_in_Europe_def.pdf.
  7. CE Delft, INFRAS, TRT, Ricardo (2019a). van Hessen H. et al., Handbook on the external costs of transport – Version 2019 1.1. European Commission, DG Mobility and Transport, January 2019. ISBN 978-92-76-18184-2. DOI: 10.2832/51388
  8. CE Delft, INFRAS, TRT, Ricardo (2019b). van Hessen H. et al., State of play of internalization in the European Transport Sector. European Commission, DG Mobility and Transport, May 2019. ISBN 978-92-76-01413-3. DOI: 10.2832/537526
  9. Comitato per il capitale naturale (2017). Primo rapporto sullo Stato del Capitale Naturale in Italia, Roma: Ministero dell’ambiente, della tutela del territorio e del mare, 2017 -- https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/primo-rapporto-sullo-stato-del-capitale-naturale-italia-2017.
  10. Comitato per il capitale naturale (2018). Secondo rapporto sullo Stato del Capitale Naturale in Italia, Roma: Ministero dell’ambiente, della tutela del territorio e del mare, 2018 -- https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/secondo-rapporto-sullo-stato-del-capitale-naturale-italia-2018.
  11. Comitato per il capitale naturale (2019). Terzo rapporto sullo Stato del Capitale Naturale in Italia, Roma: Ministero dell’ambiente, della tutela del territorio e del mare, 2019 -- https://www.minambiente.it/pagina/terzo-rapporto-sullo-stato-del-capitale-naturale-italia-2019.
  12. EEA (2011). M. Adams and others, Revealing the costs of air pollution from industrial facilities in Europe, European Environmental Agency, Technical Report n. 15, 2011. DOI: 10.2800/84800
  13. EEA (2014). M. Adams and others, Costs of air pollution from European industrial facilities 2008-2012 – an updated assessment European Environmental Agency, EEA Technical Report n. 20. DOI: 10.2800/23502
  14. Esposito L., Mastromatteo G., Molocchi A. (2019). Environment – risk-weighted assets: allowing banking supervision and green economy to meet for good, Journal of Sustainable Finance and Investments, 9(1). DOI: 10.1080/20430795.2018.1540171
  15. European Commission CBA Guidebook (2014). Sartori D. and others, Guide to Cost – Benefit Analysis of Investment Projects. Economic appraisal tool for Cohesion Policy 2014-2020. European Commission, Directorate-General for Regional and Urban policy. Publications Office of the European Union, December 2014. -- http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/cba_guide.pdf.
  16. European Commission (2019). Communication of the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of Regions. The European Green Deal. COM (2019) 640 final, 11.12.2019, European Commission: Brussels, 2019. -- https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=COM%3A2019%3A640%3AFIN.
  17. Eurostat (2013): Environmental taxes – A statistical guide, European Union, Luxembourg, Publication Office of the European Union. -- http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/5936129/KS-GQ-13-005-EN.PDF.
  18. Exiopol (2010). Wolf Müller, Philipp Preiss, Volker Klotz, Rainer Friedrich, External Cost Values for EE SUT Framework, Final report providing external cost values to be applied in an EE SUT framework, Exiopol DIII.1.b-2, IER University Stuttgart, march 2010. -- http://www.feem-project.net/exiopol/index.php.
  19. ExternE (1995). European Commission DGXII, Externalities of Energy, voll. 1-6, EUR 16520-16525, Bruxelles, 1995. -- http://www.externe.info/externe_d7/?q=node/4.
  20. ExternE (1999): European Commission DGXII, Externalities of Energy, voll. 7-10, EUR 19083-18836-18887-18528, Bruxelles, 1999. -- http://www.externe.info/externe_d7/?q=node/4.
  21. ExternE (2005). Bickel P., Friedrich R., Externalities of Energy, Methodology update. European Commission DG research, 2005. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Luxembourg. -- http://www.externe.info/externe_d7/?q=node/30.
  22. Gerbeti A. (2017). ImEA, Imposta sulle Emissioni Aggiunte. Presentazione Palazzo Madama 22 marzo 2017. -- https://www.senato.it/application/xmanager/projects/leg17/attachments/documento_evento_procedura_commissione/files/000/004/866/Audizione_AdT_ImEA_ 2017.pdf.
  23. Gori G., Lattarulo P., Rosignoli S. (2014). Nota metodologica per l’analisi economica costi-benefici dei progetti di investimento pubblico, Allegato I a Materiali UVAL n. 30. -- https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj2_ev0k-XvAhVBtKQKHQbqBmgQFjAAegQIBBAD&url=http%3A%2F%2Fsdf.irpet.it%2Fdocumenti%2Fdownload%2F11&usg=AOvVaw3fK455HvpPrPJLpzD zE8Xd.
  24. IAERE School on “Input Output Analysis for Environmental and Resource Economics”, Urbino (Italy), Collection of presentations by various authors, 26-29 September 2017.
  25. INFRAS, CE Delft, Fraunhofer ISI (2008). Handbook on estimation of external costs in the transport sector. Internalisation Measures and Policies for All external Cost of Transport (IMPACT), Version 1.1, Delft, CE, 2008. -- https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/themes/sustainable/doc/2008_costs_handbook.pdf.
  26. IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  27. ISPRA (2018a). National Inventory Report, Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990 – 2016, Rapporti ISPRA n. 283/2018. -- http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/public_files/Consumo Suolo2018/Rapporto_Consumo_Suolo_2018_2.pdf#page=2&zoom=auto,-107,148.
  28. ISPRA (2018b). Rapporto sul consumo di suolo, dinamiche territoriali e servizi ecosistemici. Con annesso metodologico sui servizi ecosistemici. Quinta edizione. Rapporti ISPRA n. 288/2018. -- https://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/pubblicazioni/rapporti/consumo-di-suolo-dinamiche-territoriali-e-servizi-ecosistemici.-edizione-2018.
  29. Istat, Conti dell’impiego di energia (accounts on energy use), edizione nov. 2017, webpage: -- http://dati.istat.it/index.aspx?queryid=29080.
  30. Istat, Emissioni atmosferiche NAMEA (NACE Rev. 2), webpage: -- http://dati.istat.it/ Index.aspx?DataSetCode=dccn_contiematmrev2.
  31. Istat (2020). Sistema delle tavole input-output 2015-2016, Nota metodologica. -- https://www.istat.it/it/files//2020/02/Nota-metodologica_ed2019.pdf.
  32. Kuik O., Brander L., Tol R.S. (2009). Marginal abatement costs of greenhouse gas emissions: A meta-analysis. Energy Policy, 37(4): 1395-1403.
  33. La Camera F., Ravazzi Douvan A. (2010). Scale of Economic Activity and Environmental Taxation in “Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation”, Vol. VIII, Oxford University Press. ISBN: 9780199597307. -- https://global.oup.com/academic/product/critical-issues-in-environmental-taxation-9780199597307?prevSortField=1&start=20&prevNumResPer Page=20&lang=en&cc=it.
  34. Marin G. (2017). Introduction to Input-output Analysis, IAERE School on “Input Output Analysis for Environmental and Resource Economics”, Urbino (Italy), 26-29 September 2017.
  35. Marino D., Palmieri M., Marucci A., Tufano M. (2021). Comparison between Demand and Supply of Some Ecosystem Services in National Parks: A Spatial Analysis Conducted Using Italian Case Studies. Conservation, 1: 36-57.
  36. Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea (2020). Ministero dell’ambiente, della Tutela del Territorio e del Mare, Direzione Generale per lo sviluppo sostenibile, per il danno ambientale e per i rapporti con l’Unione europea e gli organismi internazionali (SVI) – Unità di Assistenza Tecnica Sogesid S.p.A Il Catalogo dei sussidi ambientalmente dannosi e ambientalmente favorevoli, terza edizione anno 2018, MATTM: Roma, Italy, 2020. Executive Summary in English is available in the report. -- https://www.minambiente.it/sites/default/files/archivio/allegati/sviluppo_sostenibile/csa_terza_edizione_2018_dicembre_2019_1.pdf.
  37. MIT (2017). Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti. Linee guida per la valutazione degli investimenti in opere pubbliche. D. Lgs. 228/2011 (Guidelines for the Evaluation of Investments in Public Infrastructures), MIT, Roma, Italy, June 2017. -- http://www.mit.gov.it/node/5272.
  38. Molocchi A. (2017). Chi inquina, paga? Tasse ambientali e sussidi dannosi per l’ambiente. Ipotesi di riforma alla luce dei costi esterni delle attività economiche in Italia. Ufficio di Valutazione d’Impatto del Senato, documento di valutazione n. 6, dicembre 2017. -- http://www.senato.it/4746?dossier=2295.
  39. Molocchi A., Recchini A., Tudini A. (2019). Polluter Pays Principle in power production to gradually phase-out fossil fuels in Italy. Economics and Policy for Energy and the Environment, 1: 203-228. DOI: 10.3280/EFE2019-001013
  40. Molocchi A. (2019). External costs and environmental taxation: the role of transport sectors within the Italian economy. In Environmental Fiscal Challenges for Cities and Transport, Critical Issues in Environmental Taxation series, edited by Villar Ezcurra, M.; Milne J.E., Ashiabor, H.; Andersen M.S., Edward Elgar Publishing, chapter 9: 123-138. DOI: 10.4337/9781789904185.00027
  41. Nakano S., Okamura A., Sakurai N., Suzuki M., Tojo Y., Yamano N. (2009). The Measurement of CO2 Embodiments in International Trade. Evidence from the Harmonised Input-Output and Bilateral Trade Database, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Working Papers, 3. DOI: 10.1787/227026518048
  42. NEEDS (2008). Preiss P., Friedrich R. and Klotz V., Report on the procedure and data to generate averaged / aggregated data, Deliverable n. 1.1 – RS 3a, NEEDS project, 6th FRP, see also file excel CASES (2009) Deliverable D.02.2 -- http://www.needs-project. org/2009/Deliverables/RS3a%20D1.1.zip.
  43. OECD (2010). Taxation, Innovation and the Environment, OECD Green Growth Strategy series, 13 10 2010, OECD, Paris.
  44. OECD, Input-Output Tables (IOTs), webpage: -- http://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/input-outputtables.htm.
  45. Yamano N., Guilhoto J. (2020). CO2 emissions embodied in international trade and domestic final demand, using the OECD inter-country input-output database, OECD’s Directorate for Science, Technology and Innovation (STI). -- https://www.oecd.org/sti/ind/TECO2_OECD_webdoc2020.pdf.
  46. Pigou A. (1920), The Economics of welfare. Palgrave Macmillan. -- https://www.palgrave.com/gb/book/9780230249318.
  47. Ricardo – AEA (2014): Update of the Handbook on External Costs of Transport, Report for the European Commission – DG MOVE, 8th January 2014. -- https://ec.europa.eu/transport/sites/transport/files/themes/sustainable/studies/doc/2014-handbook-external-costs-transport. pdf.
  48. Smith S., Braathen N.A. (2015). Monetary Carbon Values in Policy Appraisal: An Overview of Current Practice and Key Issues, OECD Environment Working papers 92, OECD Library, September.
  49. Strollo A., Smiraglia D., Bruno R., Assennato F., Congedo L., De Fioravante P., Giuliani C., Marinosci I., Riitano N., Munafò M. (2020). Land consumption in Italy, Journal of Maps, 16(1): 113-123. DOI: 10.1080/17445647.2020.1758808
  50. Su Bin, Ang (2017). Multiplicative structural decomposition analysis of aggregate embodied energy and emission intensities. Energy Economics, 65,
  51. Tukker A., Bulavskaya T., Giljum S., de Koning A., Lutter S., Simas M., Stadler K., Wood R. (2014). The Global Resource Footprint of Nations. Carbon, water, land and materials embodied in trade and final consumption calculated with EXIOBASE 2.1. Leiden/Delft/Vienna/Trondheim. -- https://www.exiobase.eu/index.php/publications/creea-booklet/72-creea-booklet-high-resolution/file.
  52. United Nations (2014). System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012— Central Framework -- https://seea.un.org/sites/seea.un.org/files/seea_cf_final_en.pdf.
  53. US IWGSCC – Interagency Working Group on Social Costs of Carbon (2016). Technical Update of the Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis, Technical Support Document under Executive Order 12866, August 2016. -- https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-12/documents/sc_co2_tsd_august_2016.pdf.
  54. WHO Regional Office for Europe – OECD (2015): Economic Cost of the Health Impact of Air Pollution in Europe: Clean air, Health and Wealth. Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe. -- http://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/events/events/2015/04/ehp-mid-term-review/publications/economic-cost-of-the-health-impact-of-air-pollution-in-europe.
  55. Wiebe K.S., Bruckner M., Giljum S., Lutz C. (2012). Calculating energy-related CO2 emissions embodied in international trade using global input-output model, Economic Systems Research, 24(2): 113-139. DOI: 10.1080/09535314.2011.643293
  56. World Bank indicators (2021). CO2 emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP), Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tennessee, United States. -- https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PP.GD.

  • The 9th International Conference on Energy and Environment Research Benedetta Marmiroli, Maria Leonor Carvalho, Giulio Mela, Andrea Molocchi, Pierpaolo Girardi, pp.203 (ISBN:978-3-031-43558-4)

Andrea Molocchi, From production to consumption: An inter-sectoral analysis of air emissions external costs in Italy in "ECONOMICS AND POLICY OF ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT" 2/2020, pp 155-180, DOI: 10.3280/EFE2020-002007