Gender stereotypes and metastereotypes. An intergenerational comparison in Southern It-aly

Journal title PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA’
Author/s Terri Mannarini, Alessandra Manfreda, Margherita Albanese
Publishing Year 2020 Issue 2019/2 Language Italian
Pages 18 P. 75-92 File size 317 KB
DOI 10.3280/PSC2019-002006
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

Below, you can see the article first page

If you want to buy this article in PDF format, you can do it, following the instructions to buy download credits

Article preview

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

The study explores the content of gender stereotypes and metastereotypes in a convenience sample of 622 South Italian women: young women (N=228, 20-39 years); adult women (N=227, 40-55 years); older women (N=167, 56-87 years). Based on the Stereotype Content Model, and social role theory, changes in the content of stereotypes and metastereotypes in the three age groups were detected. Results indicated that the stereotype was likely to increase in competence, and decrease in warmth, as age increases. The discrepancy between (positive) ste-reotypes and (negative) metastereotypes was interpreted as the result of a social creativity strategy aimed at maintaining self-esteem.

Keywords: Gender stereotypes, metastereotypes, stereotype content model, social role theory, selective self-stereotyping, Southern Italy.

  1. Athenstaedt, U. (2003). On the content and structure of the gender role self-concept: Including gender-stereotypical behaviors in addition to traits. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27, 309-318. DOI: 10.1111/1471-6402.0011
  2. Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42(2), 155-162.
  3. Biernat, M., Vescio, T. K., & Green, M. L. (1996). Selective self-stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(6), 1194-1209.
  4. Ciavolino, E. (2013). Valutazione delle dimissioni delle lavoratrici madri. I Quaderni regionali di Parità, VII. Retrieved from http://siba-ese.unisalento.it/index.php/reportparita2013/issue/view/1191
  5. De Piccoli, N., & Rollero, C., (2010). Differenze e disuguaglianze di genere tra Nord e Sud Italia. Attualità di uno stereotipo. Psicologia di comunità, 2, 65-74. 10.3280/PSC2010-002007
  6. Diekman, A. B, & Eagly, A. H. (2000). Stereotypes as dynamic constructs: Women and men of the past, present, and future. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1171-1188. DOI: 10.1177/014616720026200
  7. Diekman, A. B., Eagly, A. H., Mladinic, A., & Ferreira, M. C. (2005). Dynamic stereotypes about women and men in Latin America and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(2), 209-226. DOI: 10.1177/002202210427290
  8. Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123-174). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  9. Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2004). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: Implications for the partner preferences of women and men. In A. H. Eagly, A. E. Beall, & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The Psychology of Gender (2nd ed., pp. 269-295). New York, NY: Guilford.
  10. Eckes, T. (1994). Explorations in gender cognition: Content and structure of female and male subtypes. Social Cognition, 12(1), 37-60.
  11. Eckes, T. (2002). Paternalistic and envious gender stereotypes: Testing predictions from the Stereotype Content Model. Sex Roles, 47(3-4), 99-114. DOI: 10.1023/A:102102092071
  12. Ellemers, N. (2018). Gender stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 69, 1-24.
  13. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., & Glick P. (2007). Universal dimensions of social perception: Warmth and competence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(2), 77-83.
  14. Fiske, S. T. (2010). Venus and Mars or Down to Earth: Stereotypes and Realities of Gender Differences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(6), 688-692. DOI: 10.1177/174569161038876
  15. Fiske, S. T., Cuddy, A. J. C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902.
  16. Frey, F. E., & Troop, L. R. (2006). Being seen as individuals versus as group members: Extending research on metaperception to intergroup contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 265-280.
  17. Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (2001). An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications for gender inequality. American Psychologist, 56(2), 109-118. DOI: 10.1037//0003-066X.56.2.10
  18. Gustafsonn Sendén, M., Klysing, A., Lindqvist, A., & Renström, E. A. (2019). The (not so) changing man: Dynamic gender stereotypes in Sweden. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 37.
  19. Hannover, B. (2000). Development of the self in gendered contexts. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 177–206). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  20. Hentschel, T., Heilman, E. M., & Peus, C. V. (2019). The multiple dimensions of gender stereotypes: A current look at men’s and women’s characterizations of others and themselves. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 11.
  21. Hoffman, R. M. (2001). The measurement of masculinity and femininity: Historical perspective and implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling and Development, 79(4), 471-485.
  22. IPRES (2013). Emittenti locali e differenze di genere. La parola alle donne. -- Retrieved from http://www.consparitapuglia.it/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&alias=303-iv-rapporto-condizione-femminile-2014&category_slug=studi-e-ricerche&Itemid=238
  23. IPRES (2014). IV Rapporto sulla condizione delle donne in Puglia. -- Retrieved from http://www.consparitapuglia.it/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&alias=301-emittenti-locali-e-differenze-di-genere&category_slug=studi-e-ricerche&Itemid=238
  24. IRIAD (2016). Genere & stereotipi di genere. Uno studio di caso sulle giovani generazioni. -- Retrieved from http://www.archiviodisarmo.it/index.php/it/2013-05-08-17-44-50/rapporti-di-ricerca/archivio-rdr/finish/11/4123
  25. Istat (2011). Stereotipi, rinunce e discriminazioni di genere. -- Retrieved from https://www.istat.it/it/files/2017/11/gli-sterotipi-e-la-discriminazione.pdf
  26. Istat (2015). Come cambia la vita delle donne. -- Retrieved from https://www.istat. it/it/files/2015/12/come-cambia-la-vita-delle-donne.pdf
  27. Istat (2016). I tempi della vita quotidiana. Anno 2014. -- Retrieved from www.istat.it/it/files/2016/11/Report_Tempidivita_2014.pdf?title=Cambiamenti+nei+tempi+di+ vita+-+23%2Fnov%2F2016+-+Report_Tempidivita_2014.pdf
  28. Kan, M. Y., Sullivan, O., & Gershuny, J. (2011). Gender convergence in domestic work: discerning the effects of interactional and institutional barriers from large-scale data. Sociology, 45(2), 234-251. DOI: 10.1177/003803851039401
  29. Latrofa, M., Vaes, J., Cadinu, M., & Carnaghi, A. (2010). The cognitive representation of self-stereotyping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(7), 911-922. DOI: 10.1177/014616721037390
  30. Lockwood, P. (2006). “Someone Like Me can be Successful”: Do College Students Need Same-Gender Role Models? Psychology of Woman Quarterly, 30(1), 36-46.
  31. López-Sáez, M., Morales, J. F, & Lisbona, A. (2008). Evolution of gender stereotypes in Spain: Traits and roles. Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 609-617. DOI: 10.1017/S113874160000461
  32. Murnen, S. K., Greenfield, C., Younger, A., & Boyd, H. (2016). Boys act and girls appear: a content analysis of gender stereotypes associated with characters in children’s popular culture. Sex Roles, 74(1-2), 78-91.
  33. Olson, M., & Martiny, S. E. (2018). Does Exposure to Counterstereotypical Role Models Influence Girls’ and Women’s Gender Stereotypes and Career Choices? A Review of Social Psychological Research. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2264.
  34. Oswald, D. L., & Chapleau, K. M., (2010). Selective self-stereotyping and women’s self-esteem maintenance. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(8), 918-922.
  35. Oswald, D. L., & Lindstedt, K. (2006). The content and function of gender self-stereotypes: An exploratory investigation. Sex Roles, 54(7-8), 447-458.
  36. Owuamalam, C. K., & Zagefka, H. (2011). Downplaying a compromised social image: The effect of metastereotype valence on social identification. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41(4), 528-537.
  37. Reich, S. M., Black, R. W., & Foliaki, T. (2018). Constructing difference: LEGO set narratives promote stereotypic gender roles and play. Sex Roles, 79(5-6), 285-298.
  38. Ruble, D. N., & Martin, C. L. (1998). Gender development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development, 5th Ed, Vol. 3 (pp. 933-1016). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
  39. Sczesny, S., Bosak, J., Diekman, A. B., & Twenge, J. M. (2008). Dynamics of sex-role stereotypes. In Y. Kashima, K. Fiedler, & P. Freytag (Eds.), Stereotype dynamics. Language-based approaches to the formation, maintenance, and the transformation of stereotypes (pp. 135-161). New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  40. Siyanova-Chanturia, A., Warren, P., Pesciarelli, F., & Cacciari, C. (2015). Gender stereotypes across the ages: On-line processing in school-age children, young and older adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1388.
  41. Social Watch (2012). Rapporto Italiano 2012. Retrieved from http://www.socialwatch.it/files/Socialwatch_2012.pdf
  42. Steyer, I. (2014). Gender representations in children’s media and their influence. Campus Wide Information System, 31(2-3), 171-180. DOI: 10.1108/CWIS-11-2013-006
  43. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-48). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  44. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 7-24). Chicago: Nelson-Hal.
  45. Vorauer, J. D., Hunter, A. J., Main, K. J., & Roy, S. A. (2010). Meta-stereotype activation: Evidence from indirect measures for specific evaluative concerns experienced by members of dominant groups in intergroup interaction. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 78(4), 690-707.
  46. WeWorld-IPSOS (2014). Rosa shocking. -- Retrieved from https://www.weworld.it/pubblicazioni/2014/rosa-shocking/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf
  47. WeWorld-IPSOS (2017). Gli Italiani e la violenza assistita: questa sconosciuta. La percezione della violenza contro le donne e i loro figli. -- Retrieved from https://www.weworld.it/pubblicazioni/2017/Brief-Report-4-2017/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf
  48. Wood, W., & Eagly, A. H. (2015). Two traditions of research on gender identity. Sex Roles, 73(11-12), 461-473.

  • Men are from Mars, women are from Venus: on lenders’ stereotypical views and the implications for a firm’s debt Mariasole Bannò, Giorgia Maria D’Allura, Graziano Coller, Celeste Varum, in Journal of Management and Governance /2023 pp.651
    DOI: 10.1007/s10997-022-09641-w

Terri Mannarini, Alessandra Manfreda, Margherita Albanese, Stereotipi e metastereotipi di genere. Un confronto intergenerazionale nel contesto del Sud Italia in "PSICOLOGIA DI COMUNITA’" 2/2019, pp 75-92, DOI: 10.3280/PSC2019-002006