RISULTATI RICERCA

Il dibattito bioetico sulla regolamentazione delle decisioni di fine vita riceve per lo più impulso da casi individuali che vengono portati all’attenzione dell’opinione pubblica. Il ruolo che hanno avuto per gli Stati Uniti le vicende biografiche di Nancy Cruzan e di Terry Schiavo è stato svolto in Italia da Piergiorgio Welby ed Eluana Englaro. Le vicende giudiziarie hanno trovato difficoltà a essere decise perché la legge si è rivelata inadeguata ad attribuire significati univoci a concetti come ‘accanimento terapeutico’ e ‘trattamenti futili’. Il dibattito è stato ulteriormente complicato dall’uso di immagini e da emozioni. La ricerca di una legge condivisa ha trovato in Italia un ostacolo nella contrapposizione di atteggiamenti irriducibili. Il condizionamento più negativo sembra essere l’intento di fare una legge ‘contro’ una delle posizioni ideologiche in gioco.

La sociologia della salute nell’orizzonte delle Medical Humanities - Remembering Achille Ardigò’s collaboration at the establishments of a magazine dedicated to the Medical Humanities, are highlighted the contributions that health sociology can lead to recovery of all sizes that good medicine should provide. The main objective of a humanistic project in medicine was for Ardigò the passage of the subject from allured to patient, not in the sense of passive expectation, but as the bearer of control and self care.

Keywords: Medical Humanities, sociology of health, empowerment of citizens, the relationship between humanities and natural sciences, health professions, patient-physician relationship.

Parole chiave: Medical Humanities, sociologia della salute, empowerment del cittadino, rapporto tra scienze umane e scienze della natura, professioni della salute, rapporto medico-paziente.

Starting from a deep historical description of the birth of the hospital from the hôpital to the hospice Spinanti gives a picture of the development of Medical Humanites in Italy. Spinsanti shows the role which the association Tribunale dei diritti del malato played in the Seventies in shaping the hospital culture. In that period the rights of patients became an important topic in political debate. In order to create a more human hospital Spinanti proposes to integrate three different kinds of models: the managed-care hospital; the science-based hospital and the welfare state-hospital.

The relationship between health professionals and citizens changes along the time, under the pressure of social modifications. Among other elements, ethics is a relevant factor of change in the relationship. The social consensus on the good practice of medicine has assumed a different outline, according to the value which has assumed a leading function: the patient’s good (ethical principle: beneficence); or the selfdetermination of the subject (ethical principle: justice). The promotion of the empowerment of the citizen is the ultimate model orienting contemporary bioethics.

Eguaglianza/diseguaglianza è una di quelle dicotomie sostanziate dal conflitto i cui termini sono in tensione permanente: ciascuno di essi tende a estendersi per divenire «classe universale» o a degradare l’altro a «classe vuota» (N. Bobbio). Nel tempo presente, mentre la diseguaglianza - crescente - diviene il tema del secolo, ponendo agli ordinamenti formidabili problemi di giustizia e di legittimazione, riprendono campo, da una parte, l’ideologia della diseguaglianza come motore dello sviluppo, dall’altra posizioni negazioniste, che, proponendo una lettura dei dati molto orientata su basi assiologiche, dichiarano di intravedere una riduzione e un arresto della linea di incremento della diseguaglianza. In realtà la diseguaglianza non genera che altra diseguaglianza e, se si guarda ai modi del suo prodursi e del suo accentuarsi, si può constare che, all’avvio del XXI secolo, essa frena la mobilità intergenerazionale e si configura come un dato strutturale di blocco della crescita. Risulta dunque smentita la credenza secondo la quale le leggi dell’economia di mercato possano condurre «naturalmente» alla riduzione della diseguaglianza e all’equilibrio armonico del sistema. Di fronte alla novità dei fenomeni occorrono nuovi paradigmi interpretativi dell’eguaglianza e un approccio che metta in comune linguaggi e categorie, integrando le discipline giuridiche, politologiche, sociologiche, economiche. La teoria delle capacità e dei funzionamenti (A. Sen; M.C. Nussbaum) sembra un eccellente punto di partenza. Sul fondamento di ricostruzioni teoriche innovative, di tipo interdisciplinare, sarà possibile proporre politiche adeguate alle trasformazioni in atto, sul presupposto che la diseguaglianza è un disvalore e produce diseconomie.

The essay presents a study concerning one of the rare Italian cases of social coops owner of structures for sanitary services. Italian social coops traditionally works in social assitance and education. When working in health services field, they organ-ize services at a low level of complexity or of capital investments and they suffer for their weakness and their dependence on organizations with high levels of capi-tals. "Luce sul mare" is a case of best practices that succeded in creating an effec-tive organization that can support even public organizations in the field of disable recover therapy. The paper presents the main factors who lead the organization: A precise policy of members-workers involvements and a clear attention to the qual-ity of services produced.

In modern criminal legal systems, the institution of parole is an important element aimed at the rehabilitation of convicts and their social adaptation. The purpose of the study is to study the theoretical and practical problems associated with its application, including issues of legal guarantees and the effectiveness of the institute as a whole. The article uses a comprehensive approach that includes an analysis of current legislation, judicial practice, as well as a sociological study of the opinions of practicing lawyers and representatives of the penitentiary system. The authors propose a number of recommendations for improving the institution of parole, including clarifying legislative norms, increasing transparency and predictability of court decisions, as well as strengthening the role of preventive and rehabilitative measures for convicts. The implementation of the proposed measures will balance the interests of society and the rights of convicts, as well as increase the effectiveness of the institution of parole in the rehabilitation of criminals.

This study analyses the productive efficiency of dairy farms in Kazakhstan and suggests export implications by the expansion of trade networks and the participation of global value chains. As the world’s largest landlocked country and ninth largest area in the world, Kazakhstan has often been considered to have vast potential to produce and export dairy products. The greater openness of markets and improved geostrategic circumstances with the latest rail link between China and Europe are expected to strengthen Kazakhstan’s trade opportunities with the rest of the world. Despite these positive prospects, few empirical studies have examined the export potential of the country’s dairy products. To bridge this gap, this study surveys 23 dairy farms across nine oblasts in Kazakhstan and performs a data envelopment analysis with milk production as the output variable and feed, labour, and capital as the input variables. The estimation results indicate that Kazakh dairy farms could reduce input use by up to 70% under the most efficient system. A dichotomy of productive efficiency among large and capital-intensive versus small-scale family farms suggests that the country should promote inclusiveness through sharing knowledge and best practices within the industry.

Maestri di Strada is an association made of educators and psychologists who experiment educational methodologies in order to support the growth of youth, drawing on principles of Cultural Psychology and Psychoanalysis. The hypothesis is that school dropping out and social marginalization are complex manifestations of contemporary society and require integrated interventions. Since 2010 inside the schools and on the territory of the oriental periphery of Naples, the Project E-vai involving 500 students each year, supporting the integration between formal and informal knowledge, taking care of inter and intra generational relations, using narration and group multivision to activate reflexivity on multiple levels, even illuminating the inner peripheries.