RISULTATI RICERCA

This article proposes a new model to measure the digital divide within a set of countries or geographical areas. Starting from a series of elementary indicators, the methodology groups these indicators into six factors of digitalisation and, subsequently, aggregates the factors in a single synthetic measure, called SID (Synthetic Index of Digitalisation). The dispersion in the distribution of SIDs constitutes the measure of the digital divide. This method reveals a different approach of measurement, using the principal component analysis to aggregate variables and avoiding many problems and limits showed by previous models. In the article, an application of the method is provided within a set of ten developed countries, for 2000 and 2001. A different measurement for the digital divide reveals new policy implications for public institutions, also highlighting opportunities and risks for managers working in the "digital economy" environment.

The empirical study presented here applies the population ecology approach to the analysis of the evolutionary pattern of an industrial district localised in the Northeast region of Italy: the Riviera del Brenta, a district specialised in high-fashion woman footwear production. Our work deals specifically with the issue of firms dynamics (birth rate, expansion and exit). It integrates the typical elements of an industrial evolutionary approach with the "ecological" theories that are interested to the process of formation of organisations, to their growth or decline. In other words, to the process that gives rise to organisational variety (determined both by the growth of organisations that adopt a certain organisational form and by the relative weight of the different forms). The key concepts of our approach are respectively the "organisational community" (the whole population of firms, thus the formation of the industrial structure of the district), the individuation of the different "organisational forms" (the specific sub-populations of the district), and the notion of density, which considers the vital rates, and allows us to evaluate the evolution of a population during its history. Considering a long time-series data base, which has been constructed by us using three different archives and data sets (Inps, Cerved, and historical sources), we have shown the development of the district’s firm population since 1989, the year in which Giovanni Luigi Voltan founded the first footwear firm around Stra (a village situated in the province of Venice). The studied density curves of the individual sub-populations of firms confirm the "Population ecology" hypotheses, originally developed by Hannan and Freeman. First, the growth of the district’s firm population always follows a reverse U-shaped curve, which signals that, after an initial environmental legitimation to growth, if conditions (technology, markets, etc.) do not change, an irrevocable exhaustion of "local resources" occurs, and competition increases for their utilisation. Second, the modality of growth of each specific sub-population of the district firms is always non monotonic.

The paper discusses three key economic problems raised by the emergence and diffusion of Open source software: motivation, coordination, and diffusion under a dominant standard. First, the movement took off through the activity of a software development community that deliberately did not follow profit motivations. Second, a hierarchical coordination emerged without the support of an organization with proprietary rights. Third, Linux and other open source systems diffused in an environment dominated by established proprietary standards, which benefited from significant increasing returns. The paper shows that recent developments in the theory of critical mass in the diffusion of technologies with network externality may help to explain these phenomena.