RISULTATI RICERCA

Oggetto del presente contributo è l’organizzazione dei modelli operativi interni in contesti familiari con disturbi da dipendenza di sostanze. Mediante la somministrazione dello strumento dell’Adult Attachment Interview sono state analizzate le verbalizzazioni di otto famiglie (madre, padre e figlio tossicodipendente). In particolare l’analisi della conversazione ha consentito di rilevare la presenza di modelli operativi disfunzionali all’interno del sistema familiare mediante la ricostruzione delle mappe di contenuto (analisi dei topic semantici), della configurazione degli stili conversazionali per ciascuno dei topic individuati (stili familiari), nonché l’analisi della convergenza delle scelte linguistiche per il sistema diadico (coppia genitoriale) e triadico (padre-madre-figlio) (convergenza intergenerazionale). I risultati dei tre livelli di analisi sono stati discussi alla luce del modello della trasmissione intergenerazionale dei modelli operativi di attaccamento, focalizzando il ruolo di alcuni indicatori comunicativi nella ricostruzione degli aspetti focali cognitivi ed emotivi del discorso.

Scopo della presente ricerca è quello di indagare il rischio di evoluzione psicopatologica nei fratelli sani di bambini disabili. Per questo scopo abbiamo selezionato un campione sperimentale di 48 famiglie e un campione di controllo di 31 famiglie con le stesse caratteristiche, ad eccezione della variabile handicap. Ad entrambi i gruppi è stato somministrato un protocollo di ricerca composto da: Child Behaviour Checklist, The Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale ed il Parenting Stress Index. I risultati hanno evidenziato una maggiore incidenza di rischio di evoluzione psicopatologica nei fratelli sani di bambini disabili rispetto ai fratelli del campione di controllo. Le variabili dello stress genitoriale e della coesione familiare hanno prodotto risultati significativi. Abbiamo trovato livelli di stress più elevato nel gruppo sperimentale, ma nessuna correlazione significativa tra stress parentale e rischio di evoluzione psicopatologica nei fratelli sani. La percezione dei padri di una bassa coesione familiare è una dimensione relazionale significativa, forse la più significativa, che è correlata con l’evoluzione psicopatologica nei fratelli sani. Questi risultati producono un cambiamento nelle linee di ricerca che privilegiano la diade madre/bambino disabile, tradizionalmente investigata, per porre l’attenzione sulla diade padre/fratello sano.

In questo articolo Matteo Selvini discute dell’approccio relazionale nei primi incontri con una richiesta di aiuto dei genitori per una patologia individuale di un figlio (quando il richiedente non è il paziente). Come passare dal primo contatto al primo colloquio? Quali sono gli obiettivi del primo colloquio e come favorire il successivo percorso di psicoterapia? L’accoglienza della domanda è mirata a costruire un’alleanza con il paziente basata sul riconoscimento della sua sofferenza. Viene ridimensionata la classica impostazione interventista di puntare su un immediato cambiamento, per andare verso un modello di psicoterapia come procedura che passi per diverse fasi, ciascuna con suoi obiettivi, e non come serie di sedute uniche che mirino ad essere risolutive.

This essay deals with the issue of Training which is a fundamental stage in the learning process of all future social workers. Practical training allows the student to get into the real working condition, thus undergoing a crucial experiential learning experience. The assumption here is that all the technical skills required by this profession such as the knowledge of relevant laws and action procedures must necessarily be matched by other skills such as the personal ability to relate to other people, an adequate knowledge of the territory, and the ability to tolerate a certain level of frustration. Through practical training, such skills are directly experienced by the future social worker, together with the difficult task to be-come one with the institution and service organisation, to interiorize its aims, its culture and its mission.

This issue relates an experience conducted in several schools, aimed at the prevention of asymptomatic social disadvantage through the presentation of a number of different situations as examples. Prevention here is meant to be achieved by reinforcing the individual’s personal structures as well as by activat-ing all the resources present in the social context thus turning them into preven-tion-agents able to answer the individual’s needs. After the presentation of this consultancy field-work experience, the author points out some more general considerations, such as who is the user, and which attitude should be adopted by every social agent, and above all by every social worker when approaching the user. The need is also expressed for all the workers dealing directly with the service users to achieve a deep knowledge of the person through an accurate investigation and knowledge of his/her territory and of all the issues related to it.

The origins of violence within the family date back to ancient times, but only recently this phenomenon has been analysed and investigated. Mistreatment of women was started long ago and it resulted from a process of social approval. Violence can be physical or psychological. In recent years, more and more foreign women have started asking for help against home violence, though actual separa-tion cannot usually be implemented due to economic problems and issues to do with social isolation.

This essay results from a long working experience with elderly people, and focuses on the need to devote special attention to the body language and to the physical dimension when dealing with an elderly person. The body of every eld-erly is a textile woven with memories, shaped by all its experiences. Even more than through words, the elderly person communicates through touch and tactile expressions, where body is the language: gestures, posture, movements, become letters of a living alphabet, lived through a lifetime, in which memories, facts and emotions, all have left their trace.

Hidden needs, i.e. those needs that though present in the territory are not per-ceived by the institutions, have become more and more a crucial issue in the pre-sent discussion going on in Italy on the aims and tasks of the social services, espe-cially after the passing of the Act 328/2000. Even if the social services addressing elderly people are in fact rather well structured if we compare them to other branches of the social services, still action here is often taken assuming that the expressed demand for services is equal to and the same as the potential demand for services. Several research works conducted in the past already proved that, in a variety of different territorial realities, this does not apply. Our essay presents the results of a research study carried out on this topic in the Municipality of Riccione. The idea upon which such work was based is that more relevance should be granted to the abstract needs of elderly people. According to this standpoint, the local gov-ernmental social services should therefore stop acting as an opposed agent with respect to the world of private associations and social cooperatives and set as a priority the following goals: first of all to reach out for those elderly citizens who do not go by themselves to the services to express their needs, and then next to figure out and link together all the resources present in the territory, giving special value to those persons who could help first read and then also answer the hidden needs of their territory, that is to say those needs for which the traditional welfare strategies of health and social assistance have proved to be no longer adequate or efficient.

Recent studies about social policies have highlighted the remarkable level of innovation which has characterised the Italian public policies in this field over the past few years. In this essay we focus our attention on a crucial aspect of this great transformation: the importance that is now granted to the territorial dimen-sion of social work. We shall hereby analyse the role played by this variable, and the consequences of assuming it as a fundamental factor for the success of social intervention. The new means made available to our work are thus territorial in as much as they are related to an area which is assumed to be socially disadvantaged; such tools are not referred to a category of citizens in need, but rather to a whole territory, which is defined by a number of criteria acting as indicators of exclu-sion

The Italian Social Work has covered a route of evolution on how to relate with the ones who benefit from the help interventions and the local context where they express their uneasiness. In reference to the relation engaged between people and social services, it is brought to light that, during the last fifty years, as a result of the social policy changes, also the paradigms of attribution towards the citizen, at first "client", then "user ", finally "customer" have changed. In parallel, it is here highlighted how the way of perceiving the local context has changed too, as, from time to time, the concepts of community, territory and zone were used. The proposed argument points out these different perspectives, and suggests new interpretative possibilities for the social work.

The history of community social work practice is not very long in Italy. Not-withstanding some requests, in the period after the Second World War, only short experiences took place, mainly as support to community development and within housing programs. In the last fifteen years some books focused on community as specific dimension of social work and of social psychology. Also in the fields of social policy the idea of community came out, in connection with the progressive disintegration of traditional forms of communitarian solidarity, mainly in every-day people life. Matching the old and new forms of community and the controver-sial issue between communitarians and liberals, the author suggests that practice of community social work should be updated within a perspective of universalistic membership, where the very idea of community would be rethought and freed from any form of particularism, so as to become truly universal and cosmopolite.

Il lavoro ha analizzato l’incidenza dei modelli di attaccamento insicuro in un campione di bambini inseriti in istituti o case-famiglia; ha inoltre cercato di individuare alcuni fattori di protezione e di rischio che sembrano incidere sulla strutturazione dei modelli di attaccamento infantili. I dati, riferiti a 34 bambini di età compresa tra i 4 e gli 11 anni, hanno rivelato: a) la presenza di una maggiore incidenza di attaccamento insicuro nei bambini istituzionalizzati; b) la scarsa incidenza della tipologia di struttura di accoglienza e del tempo di permanenza nella struttura sulla possibilità di strutturare modelli di attaccamento più sicuri; c) la presenza di una maggiore incidenza di attaccamento sicuro nei bambini le cui famiglie di origine hanno conservato alcune delle funzioni genitoriali e hanno accettato l’aiuto dei servizi.