RISULTATI RICERCA

La trasformazione economica dell’Irlanda da caso clinico a tigre celtica ha coinciso con l’istituzionalizzazione di accordi concertativi triennali. Questo articolo punta a determinare se e come la concertazione abbia contribuito al miracolo economico irlandese, ed a comprenderne i processi sociopolitici. La concertazione ha aumentato enormemente la competitività delle aziende multinazionali operanti in Irlanda collegando strettamente gli aumenti salariali dei comparti più dinamici ai salari e alla produttività dei comparti più lenti. Buona parte delle teorie sulla regolazione centralizzata dei salari va riconsiderata alla luce del caso irlandese. I sindacati del settore pubblico hanno esercitato un ruolo di leadership salariale, senza per questo minare (in virtù della particolare struttura dell’economia irlandese) l’efficacia della contrattazione centralizzata. Inoltre, politiche retributive neutre dal punto di vista redistributivo sembrano contribuire a stabilizzare le instituzioni per la regolazione centralizzata dei salari.

A un anno di distanza dalla sua approvazione, la riforma del mercato del lavoro realizzata con la legge 276/2003 (legge Biagi) stenta a decollare. In questo scritto le ragioni di tale ritardo vengono esplorate con gli strumenti della teoria economica. Essa consente di mettere in luce alcune importanti carenze dell’impianto della riforma. Che non riguardano gli obiettivi, ma la diagnosi e l’impostazione generale della terapia. Sul primo punto, la riforma sottovaluta come la situazione del mercato del lavoro italiano sia molto variegata, presentando aree e regioni che funzionano assai meglio della media. Sul secondo punto essa trascura il fatto che l’efficienza allocativa è solo uno dei compiti che il mercato deve assicurare (i contratti hanno anche importanti funzioni informative, incentivanti, assicurative e distributive). Non si può sottovalutare, allora, il rischio che la riforma finisca col mancare i propri obiettivi, conducendo a risultati controproducenti.

Il saggio si propone di esaminare l’impatto che le recenti riforme del diritto del lavoro hanno prodotto sull’autonomia individuale e sull’autonomia collettiva ed in particolare i profili di continuità e di discontinuità che esse presentano con riguardo tanto agli aspetti sostanziali o di contenuto, quanto agli strumenti regolatori. A tal fine vengono prese in considerazione, innanzitutto, le questioni emergenti in tema di scelta del modello negoziale, relativamente sia all’opzione delle parti tra lavoro subordinato e lavoro autonomo, specie alla luce della nuova figura del lavoro a progetto, sia all’opzione fra i vari sottotipi o tipi misti di contratti di lavoro subordinato flessibili, rispetto ai quali le recenti riforme hanno valorizzato gli spazi di libertà contrattuale delle parti. In secondo luogo, vengono sottolineate le novità in tema di amministrazione del rapporto di lavoro, che inducono a valutazioni divergenti a seconda che si osservi il contratto a tempo pieno e indeterminato, per il quale le novità sono significative soltanto per taluni profili dell’orario di lavoro, o i contratti di lavoro flessibili, che presentano al contrario numerosi e rilevanti profili di specialità. Da ultimo, viene posto in luce come l’ampliamento degli spazi dell’autonomia individuale ed il rafforzamento dei poteri del datore di lavoro si accentuino con riguardo alle scelte d’impresa, ed in particolare al decentramento di fasi dell’attività produttiva, nelle forme della somministrazione di lavoro, dell’appalto di opere o servizi e del trasferimento di ramo d’azienda. Il saggio si conclude con alcune valutazioni di sintesi dirette a porre in luce come le recenti riforme, benché dotate di rilevanti tratti innovativi, non sembrino in grado di stravolgere il quadro pre-vigente. Del resto, nell’ordinamento operano vincoli di sistema, quali il principio di eguaglianza e l’inderogabilità del contratto collettivo, in grado di impedire che ulteriori ipotizzate novità possano incidere sulle componenti basiche del diritto del lavoro, ed in particolare sulle tecniche regolative e sui rapporti tra le fonti.

The author traces the story of Italian regulations previous to European Union Directive 2004/23/EC, offering a definition of the donation of organs or tissues. The Directive generates problems with regard to the right of privacy. The legal status of the collected material, if treated and transformed from waste to laboratory specimen, is that it is the property of the institution that collected it with the legitimate consent of the patient. This treatment may also result in inventions, liable to patent rights vested in the inventor or the scientist (or the research institution). The European Union Directive 2004/23/EC regulates these topics, but also leaves a rôle for Member States, establishing which treatments involve a transformation sufficient to issue property rights to the institution, providing the precise judicial status of tissue banks as the patrimony of the research institute, or giving it a legal status, as a simple agency of the institution.

In this unpublished essay, that was submitted as a contribution to a conference on European Legal Cultures, held in 1990 in the Netherlands, professor Jan F. Glastra Van Loon (1920-2001), who was one of the pioneers of contemporary legal sociology and president of the Research Committee on Sociology of Law between 1974 and 1980, stressed that the Europeans should tackle the problem of their own image and reflect seriously upon themselves and their historical tradition, which combined good and evil quite oddly. Van Loon criticised toughly, on the one side, those philosophical conceptions which claim to be absolutely true, such as monotheism and Cartesian rationalism, while also refusing, on the other side, radical relativism, that sees all views about humanity as equally acceptable. He then advocated humility, communication, dialogue and the capacity to learn from the others, as preliminary conditions for the civil life of the future generations of Europeans. At the light of today’s discussions especially harsh and trivial in Italy on Europe’s cultural roots, these words of a European liberal intellectual look as if they were forewarning.

With specific reference to the problems deriving from the end of security measures, this article analyses the methods of granting, the judicial practice, the criteria of evaluation and the quantitative trends of revocation judgements, both at and in advance of the end of term, of measures of commitment to judicial psychiatric hospitals (in accordance with Art. 222 of the Italian Criminal Code) as practised by the San Luigi JPH in Castiglione delle Stiviere. For this purpose, all the files relating to applications for advance revocation and to judgements of revocation at term heard in the period from 1992 to 2002 by the Mantua Surveillance Magistrate, which has jurisdiction in the area, were examined, whenever possible highlighting the criteria, the characteristics and the problems of the revocation orders issued. All this was of course conducted in an eminently qualitative light and without any claim whatsoever to being exhaustive, considering the unique nature of the source used and the peculiarity of the structure analysed with regard to other comparable institutions in Italy. Lastly, two recent judicial orders are reported and commented on in brief. While on the one hand bearing witness to the significant change that has taken place in the legislative framework, on the other they enable security measures to be adopted that are different from the ones foreseen in Art. 222 of the Criminal Code, thus offering a sustainable type of solution.

The recent spread of methods of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in Italy seems to be following a trail blazed some thirty years ago by the informal justice movement in the United States. While awaiting the opportunity for field verification of the effects of these practices on the administration of Italian justice, this article attempts to list some of the fundamental characteristics of a movement that made skilled use, in political terms, of a unique alliance between the conservative right and the radical left, whose common terrain was their declaration of the limits of formal legality. In theoretical terms, a comparable alliance was forged in the framework of a heated interdisciplinary debate between exponents of sociology, anthropology and legal science, who focused on the dispute as their common unit of analysis, seeing it as a conceptual link capable of uniting law and society, thus furthering a decisive semantic shift, of considerable significance, away from the language of rights and towards the language of interests and of needs.

This article is based on a field research in the area of Bologna on the matter of halal slaughtering, the method of butchering that accords with Islamic religious practice. The research focuses on the migrants’ strategies for practising Islamic methods of slaughtering in the European context: it gives a perspective on expectations, negotiations and actions in different social subsystems, based on reviewing the literature, undertaking second-level statistical analysis, directly observing halal butchers’ shops and interviewing Islamic butchers, imams, bureaucrats and the representatives of shopkeepers unions. Halal slaughtering was studied from two different perspectives: on the one hand, the everyday life of Islamic butchers’ shops and, on the other, an exceptional festival the Aid al-kabir. Attention is focused primarily on the relationships between informal arrangements and institutional frameworks, also in a comparative perspective.

This essay investigates the truth of human suffering in relation to the images of it acquired by the external observer. From a point of view extraneous to moral discourses, the essay suggests that observing suffering requires construction, an artful description, which in turn constitutes the responsibility of the observer. The paper begins with an analysis of narratives of trauma and victimisation as schemes of communication used by a complex society to account for a world out of control; thereafter, Wittgenstein's argument on the obsolescence of suffering in modernity is introduced to enable the question of a responsibility that does not yet follow a normative model to be specified. The subsequent sections look at Auden's poem and Brueghel's painting mentioned there as artful descriptions par excellence. This essay is plainly not modernist in inspiration, for it questions the very idea of truth, so it is not postmodernist at all.

The term gypsy law is used to describe the set of rules perceived by the gypsies to be binding, the social control strategies within their groups and the mechanisms that have developed for solving disputes within the community. Since gypsy law is oral, anthropology of law probably offers the most appropriate perspective for its examination, in both theoretical and methodological terms. As the structure of the community’s law is naturally influenced by several aspects of gypsy culture, they are analysed here in brief: the nomadic lifestyle, diaspora and fragmentation that have long been characteristic features of the gypsy people; the social organisation found in the great majority of groups and, lastly, the family, an institution of fundamental significance, especially in determining the rôle played by each individual within the group.

This article explores the ways in which the rationality of labour law can be maintained at the national (local) level, at a time when the global level seems to impose its own techniques and therefore disorient national legal strategies. Both individual and collective labour law are under pressure, when it comes to conforming to supranational standards. The enforcement of EU law, also through such non-binding regulatory techniques as the open method of co-ordination of employment and social inclusion policies, is taken into account. The European legal order constitutes a significant example of a regional system of rules able to counterbalance the weaknesses of the global system. The latter is still uncertain on its feet with regard to establishing the basic principles of labour law. The ILO 1998 Declaration of Fundamental Principles is discussed, as are such recent ILO programmes as the one on ‘decent work’. The article shows how the circulation of labour standards is beneficial to the enrichment of international sources. It also underlines the need to defend the rationality of labour law by enhancing national institutions including organisations that represent social dialogue partners and by doing so with complete awareness of the appearance on the scene of new global organisations, such as the ones which started being active in Seattle in 1999.

Amedeo G. Conte’s paper Kanon is a philosophical analysis of the notion of regularity (regolarità, Regelmässigkeit, régularité). Conte distinguishes between four forms of regularity: (i) nomonomic regularity; (ii) nomophoric regularity; (iii) nomotropic regularity; (iv) nomological regularity. Nomonomic regularity is the regularity of actions which are performed for the sake of a rule, um einer Regel Willen (cf. Immanuel Kant’s phrase um des Gesetzes Willen). Nomophoric regularity is the regularity of the actions which are performed according to a rule, gemäss einer Regel (cf. Kant's phrase gemäss dem Gesetze). Nomotropic regularity is the regularity of the actions which are performed as a function of a rule. Nomological regularity is the regularity of the actions which are performed regularly, but without a rule. Nomonomic regularity, nomophoric regularity and nomotropic regularity are forms of nomic regularity (a nomic regularity is a rule-related regularity); nomological regularity is an anomic regularity (an anomic regularity is a regularity without rules).