RISULTATI RICERCA

Zeitgeschichte on line is a publicly available forum for contemporary history research, established by the Zentrum für Zeithistorische Forschung Potsdam and the Staa¬t¬s¬¬¬bibliothek zu Berlin/Preußischer Kulturbesitz. It consists of a portal (www.zeitgeschichte-online.de) and the journal «Zeithistorische Forschungen/Studies in Contemporary History» (www.zeithistorische-forschungen.de), which is published online and also in print. The portal provides a subject gateway with edited and structured internet resources as well as a news service and so called focal points of historical important events. The thematic focus lies on German and European history after 1945. The thrice annually published journal reverts to the resources of the portal and also offers the possibility to extend the articles of the printed edition with (audio) visual sources as well as supplemented comments.

In the years between the two World Wars democracy was nearly wiped out of Europe. Such a large crisis of the political systems we are used to define liberal democracies is due not only to their traditional enemies, but also to their inner weakness because they are a compromise between different demands and traditions. In the aftermath of the Great War those systems were ever and ever badly criticized by a large number of intellectuals, because of the international scene, the going of economy and the institutional techniques. Only the outcome of Second World War and the USA hegemony allowed the return of liberal democracy in Western, and further on in Eastern Europe, after the break down of the Communist regimes.

This article presents a first, partial overview of the theme of neo-anti-Semitism, which has already been a subject for debate in France for several years. From autumn 2000, i.e. the beginning of the second Intifada, French Jews have been the target of numerous violent attacks carried out essentially by members of the Arab-Muslim community. These have led a group of intellectuals most of whom are of Jewish origin, to a deep reflection, with the intention of detailing the new forms and new methods of a phenomenon which is solidly rooted in Western historical tradition and of reconstructing and analyzing the context which has allowed this post-anti-Semite Judéophobie to find such a favorable breeding ground in France.

During the Fascist regime, apart from the totalitarian organizations, the Italian Catholic Action was the only one mass association allowed to lead its own activities and to set up its own youth pedagogical path, manly model and sport education. The «Grande Pedagogo» used the myth of war and the fascination of sport to create the ideal warrior. Church tried to present its own manly model, inspired by the Catholic tradition and faithful to Christian values. This «apostle of love» couldn’t, however, totally refuse the physical and spiritual ideal of the Fascist «new Italian». The characteristics of the manly model which prevailed during the Thirties presented some cultural aspects of the inheritance common to both Catholics and Fascist. Only from 1938, when the harmony between Church and Fascist State broke, young Catholics seemed to undress their warrior uniforms. Nevertheless it’s undeniable that, till then, the model proposed by the Fascist movement, based on war, sport and moral perfection, seemed to have such an attraction that anyone couldn’t escape.

The essay deals with the Fascist style which is considered as the aesthetic political expression of Fascism and also as the impenetrable wrapping of its shrewdness and of its despise for the opponents condemned to defeat. The Fascist style was the means to build the new man, Mussolini’s Italian. Although promoting different styles F.T. Marinetti and Gabriele D’Annunzio are both seen as precursors of the Fascist style, particularly for the dandyish mixture of violence and elegance which were typical of the Futurist behaviour and of D’Annunzio way of life. In Mussolini’s totalitarian project and in the works of the Fascist writers who dealt with the matter, the new Fascist man had an hated and despised enemy: the bourgeois. The bourgeois is figured as a pipsqueak, an ostrich, a hyena, a parasite, as a physically inferior subject, nearer to an animal than to a human being. Achille Starace, Secretary of the Fascist Party for nine years, was the one the Duce chose to shape the new Italian. By 1939 all Italians wore the large variety of Fascist uniforms: the Fascist style was then what Fascists thought military style was. The defeat in the Second World War ended the totalitarian experiment in Italy, and the Fascist style, which consisted largely in warlike education failed in the war. So that it appeared to be an aesthetics of survival for Italians in the Fascist regime.

La legge delega di riforma dell’ordinamento giudiziario tocca appena (con un’unica secondaria disposizione) la giurisdizione amministrativa. Eppure, incidendo sulle modalità di accesso e di carriera interna degli appartenenti alla magistratura ordinaria, essa sollecita una riflessione generale che coinvolge l’intero corpo delle magistrature, anche in considerazione del fatto che, da alcuni decenni, è in atto un processo di uniformazione delle giurisdizioni ordinaria e amministrativa. Di qui l’interesse a ricostruire un quadro generale per chiederci che cosa può avvenire alla fine di questo percorso.

Contrariamente a quanto si pensa, il livello di valutazione dei magistrati italiani non è inferiore a quello di molti paesi europei, e il Consiglio superiore della magistratura sta operando per un progressivo affinamento degli strumenti di conoscenza. Il miglioramento delle valutazioni individuali, anche grazie alla scelta, unica nel panorama europeo, di procedere ad un esame a campione dei provvedimenti del magistrato, e il progetto per la creazione di un sistema di indicatori di efficienza rappresentano la dimostrazione che la magistratura italiana ha superato le tradizionali diffidenze e sta adottando soluzioni che coniugano una valutazione efficace, le necessarie garanzie per l’indipendenza e l’autonomia dei singoli magistrati e della magistratura e la doverosa attenzione alle aspettative dei cittadini