RISULTATI RICERCA

In 1932 António Ferro published Salazar, o homem e a sua obra which collects a series of interviews with Salazar. The book explained the political principles of Estado Novo and quickly became an editorial success in several countries in Europe. In 1934 Corrado Zoli published an Italian version. Eighty years later a new, expanded, critical Italian edition of the book has been published by Daniele Serapiglia. Once more, as happened during the Thirties, Ferro’s book allows a better understanding of the Portuguese dictatorship and encourages Italian readers to come in contact with the newest historiographical approaches to the Estado Novo.

Outlines some research perspectives on commons. A first line of research is within economic history. This is the most established because it was inspired by the debate on the effect of English enclosures and their role in the agricultural revolution. More recently, the study of commons has been influenced by neo-institutional research dealing with systems that can ensure efficient and sustainable resource management. A second line of research has been developed by Italian historians since the early 1980s, with a predominant focus on social history. Finally, a third line has placed more attention on the ecological dimension of common resources through the two different perspectives of environmental history and historical ecology.

The emerging literature on the socalled Arab Spring has largely focused on the evolution of the uprisings in cities and power centers, as well as the reaction of elites or foreign powers, neglecting events in decentralized contexts and among marginalized groups. This replicates a long-standing trend in the literature which has been powerfully highlighted by Asef Bayat’s research on social non-movements. In order to reach a more diversified and inner understanding of these issues, the article examines the specific case of women in Egypt’s rural areas, shedding light on their conditions and assessing if and how they have reacted and contributed to the dynamics currently unfolding in the Middle East and North Africa.

In the Umbertian age, parliamentary novels introduced politics into popular literature plots. The article examines how this peculiar kind of novel treats the public and private sphere, using gender metaphors. Indeed, parliamentary novels describe the representative political system as corrupt and unproductive, associating it with "female" peculiarities: parliament is inept and weak. Women attending parliamentary sessions as spectators are described as shallow and gossipy, corrupting politics by their presence. Femininity is incompatible with a virtuous public sphere. Moreover, politicians are poor breadwinners and «political women» are bad mothers: politics and family life are at loggerheads. The article analyzes how these discursive constructions define social roles, the female and male nature and the relationship between the sexes.

Investigates the memory policies that the European Union has promoted in the last years, as well as their intellectual and political precedents. To this aim it analyses the new tool for managing the public memory created by the Eu: «The House of European History». This study highlights that the way in which history is represented in the permanent exhibition of the new museum aims to forge the foundational myth of a European nation and its supposed identity. Finally, the article describes the pressure from the Eastern European countries to graft their own and exclusive version of European memory onto the memory policies of the Eu, as the only possible memory that all the Europeans must share.

The article aims to analyze how Germany commemorates the 1989 peaceful revolution (the movement that caused the fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of Gdr) and the following German reunification. It examines the choice of 3 October as a national holiday, the «day of the German Unity» reminding the fulfilment of the reunification process when in 1990 the Gdr Lander joined the Federal Republic. It also analyzes the commemorations related to the memory of the peaceful revolution: 9 November (Fall of the Berlin Wall) and 9 October (1989 Montagsdemo in Leipzig), focusing on the tenth, twentieth and twenty-fifth anniversary. Looking at the rituals and the master narratives developed during the commemorations, the article underlines how these national days have led to a heterogeneous depiction of the 1989-90 events.

The new order created by the great powers after the Congress of Vienna was characterized by a restoration of only few dynasties, especially the Bourbons in France, Spain and Naples. For a huge number of minor States there was no restoration of their former rulers, but in 1814 their loss of sovereignty due to the Napoleonic transformation of Europe was confirmed: a veritable territorial revolution which was accompanied by guarantees for the private property created out of the secularization and selling of nationalized church estate. With the conservative turning point of 1819-20, the term «restoration» changed its meaning. The new European «concert» signified a major security in avoiding international conflicts at the level of the great powers, but at the same time it was a source of legitimation for political and military interventions in the internal affairs of minor States.

L’Ospedale per intensita di cura e un modello organizzativo che mira a garantire la sostenibilita del sistema, considerando la transizione epidemiologica, la dinamica dell’innovazione tecnologica, la centralita del pazientecittadino, l’imperativo sociale della qualita delle cure, la limitata disponibilita di risorse e la necessita di un utilizzo appropriato delle risorse stesse. Al Mauriziano di Torino, a fine 2012, e partito un nuovo progetto per realizzare il modello per intensita di cura in tutto l’Ospedale, che si completera in tutti i dipartimenti assistenziali dell’AO nel triennio 2013-2015. L’obiettivo del paper e descrivere il progetto di riorganizzazione per intensita di cura e la relativa implementazione in ospedale.

Lo scopo di questo studio e stato quello di esplorare il fenomeno delle visite di pazienti adulti non urgenti nell’ambito del Dipartimento di Emergenza di uno dei piu grandi ospedali del Nord Italia: gli "Spedali Civili" di Brescia. Si e condotto uno studio trasversale volto a indagare le caratteristiche dell’intera popolazione che si e riferita al Dipartimento per problemi non urgenti in un arco temporale di 24 mesi al fine di comprendere se e come l’appropriatezza organizzativa sia migliorata alla luce dell’entrata in vigore nel periodo analizzato della Delibera Regionale IX/3379 volta a disciplinare l’accesso dei pazienti ai servizi di pronto soccorso ospedaliero. I dati analizzati si riferiscono alle 45.087 visite non urgenti che hanno caratterizzato i servizi dei tre presidi ospedalieri in cui e strutturato il Dipartimento di Emergenza e che rappresentano, approssimativamente, il 37% del totale degli accessi, il cui numero totale, paradossalmente, e in questo periodo diminuito. I dati analizzati sono dati ufficiali forniti dal sistema informativo aziendale e il numero di visite inappropriate rende conto immediatamente della dimensione del problema. L’analisi di regressione lineare e l’analisi di trend effettuate dimostrano come, nel caso esaminato, non si possa rilevare alcun miglioramento nell’appropriatezza correlabile all’implementazione della politica regionale e il problema rimanga, pertanto, irrisolto. In conclusione si e anche analizzato il fenomeno dei pazienti classificabili come frequent users e calcolato il costo sostenuto per tutti gli accessi non urgenti al fine di evidenziarne l’impatto economico sul servizio sanitario regionale.

Lo studio ha avuto l’obiettivo di rilevare il ruolo dell’infermiere e dell’operatore socio-sanitario in due unita operative di un Ospedale del Nord Italia. Le analisi hanno messo in luce che i due ruoli presentano alte conflittualita soprattutto in una delle due unita operativa, dove le attese sui comportamenti su queste figure sono divergenti. E stata condotta una mappatura del ruolo che ha previsto la somministrazione di 18 interviste semi-strutturate a tutti i professionisti delle unita operative coinvolte. Sono state condotte, inoltre, 42 osservazioni. La mappatura delle competenze di ruolo puo portare a un ripensamento dei modi di agire nei contesti di cura per affrontare la complessita e per poter implementare politiche di sviluppo delle risorse umane in modo efficace.

Negli ultimi anni, numerose Regioni italiane si sono interrogate sulle modalita di governo dell’accesso al sistema dei servizi socio-sanitari, con particolare attenzione ai temi dell’integrazione tra servizi e dell’accompagnamento del cittadino nei percorsi assistenziali. L’articolo, dopo aver analizzato lo stato dell’arte rispetto ai Punti Unici di Accesso (PUA) nel nostro Paese, si pone l’obiettivo di sistematizzare i principali contributi teorici e pratici oggi esistenti arrivando a proporre uno schema di analisi, basato su cinque dimensioni, che possa supportare ricercatori, professionisti e policy maker nell’analisi dei sistemi PUA gia implementati e nella progettazione futura di altre soluzioni.

Negli ultimi anni il necessario contenimento della spesa pubblica ha determinato l’avvio di un percorso di riforma nella Sanita che ha riguardato l’evoluzione del sistema contabile e l’introduzione di nuove metodologie di controllo, finalizzate a garantire nuovi standard per l’informativa contabile delle aziende sanitarie. Tale innovazione e definita "certificabilita" ed e stata introdotta dal Ministero delle Salute attraverso la definizione di un percorso comune a tutte le Regioni. Risulta evidente l’intenzione di avvicinare il modello di controllo contabile degli enti del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale a quello delle imprese private attraverso l’introduzione dell’istituto della revisione contabile. Il lavoro analizza i progetti triennali predisposti dalle Regioni finalizzati alla rimozione degli ostacoli organizzativi, contabili e normativi dei sistemi sanitari regionali per il raggiungimento degli standard di certificabilita proposti dal Ministero della Salute. I piani redatti dalle Regioni si configurano quindi come presupposto all’introduzione dell’istituto della certificazione dei bilanci. Dall’analisi di tali documenti emerge il quadro evolutivo del controllo della spesa sanitaria in Italia e la fotografia dello stato dei suoi sistemi amministrativo-contabili regionali.

I cambiamenti epidemiologici e sociali richiedono nuovi modelli organizzativi per rispondere ai bisogni del paziente. Il percorso diagnostico terapeutico assistenziale (PDTA) puo essere uno strumento che favorisce l’integrazione professionale e la qualita delle cure? L’esperienza condotta dall’azienda Usl di Bologna dimostra che l’utilizzo di un percorso clinico per la gestione dei pazienti con frattura di femore ha migliorato le performance. Il percorso clinico ha definito criteri comuni per la scelta del setting riabilitativo ed e stato applicato su quattro ospedali dell’area metropolitana di Bologna. L’applicazione del percorso clinico mostra un miglioramento delle performance in tutti e quattro gli ospedali, con una maggior efficienza organizzativa, una maggior appropriatezza del setting riabilitativo e un miglioramento degli outcome.

This paper highlights the importance and the emergence of Participatory Guarantee Systems (pgs) for quality assurance of organic products worldwide. The study provides an overview of several experiences of networks that have adopted pgs. As such, the paper represents a valuable instrument considering the different facets that these models have assumed over the years, in different countries and contexts, in response to different needs. The first network described is the Brazilian Rede Ecovida de Agroecologia. It is interesting to note that in this case the work and the products of the network are officially recognized within the national legislation. On the contrary, Certified Naturally Grown was founded from the need of diversification from the American National Organic Program. Finally, the Indian ngo Keystone Foundation, which promotes and stands for the protection of both cultivation and indigenous cultures. In Italy the CampiAperti association represents one of the best-organized network of producers and co-producers based on pgs principles. The Italian experience offers the chance to a widespread remark, also by Genuino Clandestino movement, on the need for policy adjustments to the variety of productive practices as well as looking at the several experiences of small processors. In this respect in Italy policymakers are starting to discuss a number of measures aimed at protecting family farmers and their production habits. For example, Regulation n. 19/2014 of Emilia Romagna Region recognizes and defends the application of solidarity economic activities. This regulation enhances the importance of peasant agriculture and its practices and it also recognizes the participatory guarantee as a model that ensures environmental and social sustainability and animal welfare as well as workers’ rights. Specific interest in this topic has also come up on the European agenda. In 2013 the EU launched an online public consultation on organic agriculture and the regulation of organic production. This survey contains some questions regarding EU citizens’ willingness to accept alternative certification schemes. Furthermore, in 2014 Horizon2020 published a call entitled Small farms but global markets: the role of small and family farms in food and nutrition security. This call recognizes the importance of the contribution of family farms, and in particular smallholder farms, to food and nutrition security. This is why, we have to encourage and develop the growing also at EU policy level for alternative safeguarding models for organic agriculture.

Wine consumption has, over the years, assumed an important cultural and social value which might be considered ‘hedonistic’. The evocativeness of wines lies in its recalling its territory of origin, and this function emerges especially among consumers who tend to travel in wine-producing regions. The establishment of the Reg. (EC) No. 834/2007 complemented by Reg. (EU) No. 203/2012 marking the transition from the "made from organic grapes" label to the "organic wine" label, enhanced the economic-ecological and social meaning of oenological products. Although the wine consumer focuses more on price, packaging and brand awareness, new trends in consumer preferences are moving towards innovative oenological products characterized by low sulfite and lower alcohol content. The purpose of this study is to assess perception of organic wine within a sample of consumers who are willing to travel to consume quality wine and to experience other particular attributes such as Protected Designation of Origin and region of origin, as well as price. The methodology consisted of Choice Experiments. The survey was conducted in June and July of 2013 in a region in the South of Italy. The data was collected during the "Calici di Stelle" event in Trani (Apulia), which is an annual wine tasting event aimed at fostering wine tourism in regions whose wine companies invest particularly in the high quality and sustainability of their products. We expect that organic certification labels will have a significant influence on the process of turning wine ‘credence’ attributes into ‘search’ attributes and could have a positive influence on the choice of a wine from the shelf. Filling the information gap in consumers’ perception of organic components may improve the competitiveness of local producers in the global market.

Consumers’ decisions are increasingly influenced by ethical issues. In the food domain it has led to the spread of alternative food supply chains. These innovative food networks, deaply embedded in the local domain, are characterized by a strong focus on food sustainability. Among them, the initiatives promoted and selforganized by consumers are particularly interesting as they disclose a high potential of fostering wider social changes. In this context, Solidarity Purchase Groups (called gas after the Italian acronym) emerge as spontaneous associations of consumers with strong ethical motivations including environmental, economic and social issues, which are fast-spreading in Italy. The aim of this paper is twofold. On the one hand, looking at consumers, we analyze the profile of the Italian consumers who participate to gass, in order to more precisely identify the target of these experiences, on the base of a large survey held in Italy on short food chain consumers; on the other hand, from a strategic and operational level, we discuss how these innovative supply chain models are organized, drawing from data retrieved for the 117 gas s operating in the city of Rome. The results show that gas participants have some specific features compared to consumers shopping in other alternative food chains, both in the socio-demographic profile and in their purchasing behavior, which is characterized by a strong ethical motivation. Looking at the organizational models of the gas s of Rome, the results of the survey confirm that the social dimension is very important in the management of these groups, as well as the principles at the base of their constitution, which very often refer to environmental concerns about farming techniques, social commitment to the local community and trust-based relations with the producers. Nevertheless, beside the social and environmental concerns, the economic dimension is still very important, as shared purchases most of the time results in a significant reduction in prices. The evidences confirm that the gas model represents a very interesting object of analysis for economists. Indeed, gas s are an unique example of completely demand-pull innovative food chain. Besides, they are able to involve consumers with specific needs and a strong ethical motivation underpinning the food purchase.

The research hypothesis of this paper is that the "traditional local products" business is a valid strategic option for the development of agricultural enterprises, enterprises of agro-industry and entire territorial areas. The promotion of local products, however, requires an innovative marketing approach, combining the conceptual tools of marketing services, according to the approach of the Service Dominant Logic (Vargo and Lush, 2004 and 2008; Gronroos, 2011; Gronroos and Gummerus, 2014) with the experiential perspective (Schmitt, 1999; Pine and Gilmore, 1999). The study proposes an "experience logic" marketing approach, which focuses marketing processes on customer experience. The methodology followed is qualitative, based on the case study (Yin, 2003). This method is considered coherent with the exploration and interpretative purposes of the study which also intends to submit to a preliminary verification the new conceptualization of marketing as applied to products and experiential consumption. We have chosen to analyze the case of Marini Azzolini Truffles Acqualagna (PU) because the company has an extensive product portfolio which includes goods, services and experience connected to truffles. The study shows that the company has adopted a marketing approach, disregarding the value created by and with the customer in places where truffle consumption is experienceed (restaurants and in the surrounding local area). In this way the firm does not take advantage of opportunities for further exploiting the market because it has assumed of a marketing approach based on "experience logic". Despite the limitations of the research due to its making use of only a single case study, the paper proposes a new conceptual model (experience logic) for observing and interpreting the food and wine business as well as the businesses involved in the new post-modern consumption processes, in which there is a demand for a strong experiential content, authenticity, and low standardization of the products and services offered.