LIBRI DI MARCO PONTI

Il volume pone cinque interrogativi a personalità del mondo del lavoro (politici, giornalisti, giuristi, imprenditori) per analizzare il rapporto di genere nelle professioni. Emergono risposte che evidenziano e inducono a riflettere su questioni sempre più attuali e cruciali: modifiche normative, differenze retributive ancora in essere, politiche a tutela del lavoro agile e della famiglia, per raggiungere la parità effettiva, in una società in continuo mutamento in tempi di post pandemia.

The topic of external costs of transport is widely studied in the scientific literature and policy makers are showing a growing awareness on this problem. One of the main tools used to control the social costs of transport and reduce welfare losses associated to externalities is that of internalisation via tariffs: road pricing, carbon taxes, dedicated taxes etc. Actually, many taxes on transport already exist, but seldom have an explicit internalisation purpose. In this paper we compare current road transport perceived marginal costs in Italy with social ones. Starting from the literature on the topic, in the analytical part of the paper we present the case of Italy and quantify the current level of external costs and taxation. Then we compare unit taxes with marginal transport social costs, with particular respect to different driving contexts. Results show that gasoline passengers cars always perceive the external costs they generate more than any other vehicle category. In urban contexts external costs are still not rightly perceived, with the exception of recent gasoline cars only and excluding congestion. Outside urban contexts, the perceived share is considerably higher. Estimates also suggest that a distortion exists with respect to the gap between highway tolls and infrastructure damage costs in Italy: trucks pay only a little more than marginal infrastructure costs they generate, so that only cars are actually paying for new investments.

Public money flowing in or out of the transport sector is one of the most powerful drivers of its evolution. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the revenue and expenditure of the Italian State and the local administrations for the Italian transport system. Based on the available resources, the paper quantifies the subsidies and the contracts to support investments, network maintenance and service delivery, as well as the value of the taxes generated. The analysis is completed by an historical background. The results indicate that road transport generates more in taxes than it receives in the form of free public roads (a net of over thirty-two billion euros per year). In contrast, the bus and rail systems receive subsidies valued at approximately thirteen billion euros per year, inclusive of new infrastructure. The other modes of transport benefit from relatively lower resources. The paper is completed by a discussion on the tools available for a more informed socio-economic assessment of this expenditure, by possible alternative scenarios of public expenditure and their effects on patronage and with some policy indications.

Il cambio modale (dai mezzi su gomma a quelli su ferro, o comunque collettivi) è la connotazione fondamentale della politica europea dei trasporti, legata all’ambiente, ma certo anche alla protezione dei fornitori di trasporto collettivo, altrimenti destinati alla rapida scomparsa. Si esamineranno una serie di politiche specifiche, mettendone in luce il sostanziale fallimento (vincoli, spese, e azioni fi scali rilevantissime a fronte di risultati modali del tutto marginali). Si analizzeranno poi sommariamente i meccanismi strutturali che spingono, e spingeranno, imprese e famiglie ad assetti insediativi dispersi e appoggiati al trasporto su gomma, sia per merci che per passeggeri. Si considereranno infine politiche alternative, più incentrate sulle innovazioni tecnologiche, e capaci di sfruttare a fi ni ambientali l’altissima ‘disponibilità a pagare’ degli utenti dei mezzi su gomma, anche evidenziando i vantaggi in termini di politica industriale di tale strategia.