RISULTATI RICERCA

Nell’ottobre del 1969, con l’istituzione nelle Facoltà di Architettura dell’insegnamento della Tecnologia dell’architettura, il nozionismo tecnico espresso dagli “elementi costruttivi” fu messo in crisi dall’indeterminazione dettata dalla téchne nella sua capacità esplorativa e del “sapere perché” che precede il “sapere come”. Fra le varie discipline, la Tecnologia dell’architettura esprimeva un approccio critico ai modi abituali di abitare, prefigurando per il futuro una tecnica capace di legare l’oggettivo delle concrete possibilità tecnologiche con il soggettivo, costituito dalla qualità della vita. La trasformazione dell’impianto didattico fu attuata a partire dalla critica di una concezione progettuale che guardava alle componenti tecnico-costruttive prevalentemente come restituzione della completezza del progetto nei soli materiali da costruzione e nelle componenti esecutive. Con la Tecnologia dell’architettura emergeva la dimensione ambientale nell’insegnamento dell’Architettura, in cui il nuovo campo disciplinare offriva la base per la riflessione su idee e metodi che, partendo dall’ecologia, inserivano nuovi valori per il progetto secondo un approccio sistemico, capace di guardare alla costruzione dell’habitat attraverso processi complessi e architetture sperimentali. Gli attuali assetti disciplinari si muovono su una revisione degli approcci di carattere tecnicistico che inducono a sviluppare competenze profonde ma che smarriscono il senso critico sulla tecnica e nelle sue interazioni etiche, ambientali e socioeconomiche. Nella nuova titolazione ministeriale di “Progettazione tecnologica e ambientale dell’architettura”, la disciplina esprime lo slancio verso un pensiero che riesca a governare criticamente le scelte e gli usi della tecnica, attraverso lo sviluppo di filiere centrate sull’apprendimento degli allievi e non sull’erogazione di contenuti, alimentando l’attitudine alla risoluzione di problemi complessi secondo la duplice capacità di contestualizzazione e di astrazione.

This essay offers some reflections about the crisis of the conception of the sources of the production of law, as elaborated in the tradition of legal positivism. After first briefly illustrating the historical and philosophical context that led to the focus on legislation and the formal view of the system of sources, the author then moves on to undertake an examination of the reality of contemporary legal orders, revealing this perspective's inadequacy. In particular, the crisis of the codes and the importance of the activity of creating law undertaken by the courts has resulted in other normative acts, which were not qualified as such by nineteenth century juspositivism, actually extending the range of sources. This process is illustrated with reference to the institution of negozio giuridico, whose significance in current criminal procedural law, administrative law and international commercial law is studied. Ultimately, the essay opines that the ability of an act or a fact to become a normative source no longer depends on criteria established in advance by the legislator, but on whether these acts and facts can be used by the judge to justify his decisions. The certainty of law can thus only be pursued by ensuring that the arguments employed in support of cases are correct.

This paper draws on a longitudinal dataset of 165,515 firms that were economically active between 1997 and 2012 in Milan (Italy) to study gender dif-ferences in business survival within and between different eighteen groups, formed on the basis of the country of birth of the entrepreneurs. Kaplan-Meier estimates and piecewise-constant exponential hazard models show that, holding a set of individual and business covariates constant, the risk of business closure is always higher for female single proprietors. The highest gender differences in business survival are found among entrepreneurs born in Bangladesh, Morocco, and Sene-gal. Conversely, for female single proprietors born in Italy and China median sur-vival time and the risk of business closure are quite similar to those of their male counterparts.

Following the example of George Lipsitz’s seminal The Sidewalks of St. Louis, the essay draws a series of portraits of those who came to (and left) St. Louis in the span of a century: from the former Native American inhabitants of the area (the Cahokia settlement) to the 1804 explorers Lewis and Clark (the early opening of the West), from the European travellers Francesco Arese and Charles Dickens (who harbored different feelings for what they saw in the Midwest) to the German Socialist Joseph Weydemeyer (a close friend and correspondent of Marx and Engels), from writers Mark Twain and Kate Chopin (so acute in capturing different ages and milieus) to performers Scott Joplin and Josephine Baker (with their great relevance in the field of a mass culture which was starting to cross boundaries both geographical and conceptual), from the millions of visitors of its 1904 World Fair and 1914 Pageant & Masque to modernist poet T.S. Eliot, among the others. In the history of a city whose birth and life stand in the middle of so many things, geographical, social and cultural (a threshold and a hub), the acts of arriving and departing play a central role - one which is further stressed by the highly symbolic contents of such artifacts as the Eads Bridge and the Union Station. The essay thus tries to highlight the often contradictory social and cultural dynamics which led to the formation of the metropolis’s image as a crossroads city, one in which different tensions came (and come) together, giving rise to a complex network of experiences, both private and public.

Work-related stress, psychosocial risk, health, satisfaction, identification - Despite the recent proliferation of tools to detect the sources of stress, relatively little research has been conducted about well-being indicators in order to comply with the law and to assess the person’s fit to the observed context. This work aims to present a tool for quickly detecting the working conditions. The OPRA Risk Index shows excellent factorial structure and a satisfactory internal reliability. It provides an estimate of risk based on the score of some literature-relevant indicators and can be used to make a first assessment as well as to discriminate effectively between perceptions of climate, sources of risk, burnout, engagement, and mental and physical health.

This study proposes the realization of a first step in order to validate the Organizational and Psychosocial Risk Assessment (OPRA), furnishing a first contribution on the reliability and validity of the tool. The sample was composed of 705 health service’s employees who were administered the OPRA and M_DOQ10 (Majer e D’Amato, 2005). In general, the tool was shown to be valid and reliable. Correlations between scores on the OPRA and the M_DOQ10 illustrate the good concurrent validity. The tool shows some interesting requisites that may be of valid contribution to research and professional practice.

The paper reconstructs methods, sources, and doctrinal contents of John Wenck’s commentary on the Liber de causis and focuses, in particular, on Wenck’s interpretation of the theory of intelligences. The research perspective of the analysis is twofold. First, it aims to clarify Wenck’s positioning in the commentary tradition of the Liber de causis, with reference to his two main models: Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. Albert’s influence as an exegetical guide proves crucial;; Wenck’s interpretation shows, however, a distinct autonomy from Albert’s paraphrasing of the Liber de causis and bears witness to a somewhat ambiguous and tacit use of Aquinas’ commentary. Second, the paper relates Wenck’s doctrine to the teachings of the Albertist masters active in Paris during the first decades of the fifteenth century: John of Nova Domo, Heymeric of Campo, and Lambert of Monte. The commentary on the Liber de causis attests to Wenck’s adherence to the basic tenets of the so-­called Albertist school. At the same time, Parisian Albertism emerges as a multifaceted constellation of positions characterised by a varied reception of both the Liber de causis and Albert’s authority.