RISULTATI RICERCA

Grazie ad una profonda erudizione economica, nonché all’amicizia intellettuale con M. Fanno e G. Luzzatto, Gino Zappa approfondisce la conoscenza del pensiero istituzionalista durante gli anni della sua formazione e del consolidamento della propria teoria sulla dinamica aziendale (1903-1937), al crocevia fra economia e contabilità. Questo articolo indaga in chiave comparata la lettura zappiana di Thorstein Veblen e John Roger Commons, definendola come uno dei pilastri della nozione di azienda come istituto economico destinato a perdurare. Di Veblen, Zappa accoglie l’acume critico e rilegge in particolare l’analisi del capitale e della proprietà d’impresa, mentre Commons sembra ispirargli la svolta istituzionalista compiuta negli anni Trenta, che lo porterà a definire l’Economia aziendale, di cui fu fondatore, come una forma originale di Economia istituzionale.

L’evoluzione delle politiche di sviluppo urbano nel contesto europeo degli ultimi decenni è stata caratterizzata da modifiche strutturali nelle relazioni di potere: dal governo della città, incentrato sulla pianificazione urbanistica e il piano regolatore si è passati a forme più o meno articolate e solo in parte pluraliste di governance urbana, grazie alle quali importanti gruppi immobiliari, immobiliaristi improvvisati e free-riders, importanti gruppi industriali alleati con le grandi centrali del credito e della finanza, hanno trovato maggiori consensi politico-culturali e minori difficoltà procedurali nel dirigere, imporre e realizzare grandi progetti di trasformazione urbana. La progressiva crescita del mercato immobiliare, sostenuto e drogato dal mercato finanziario, ha facilitato la proposizione e la realizzazione di GPU, almeno fino al 2007/2008, anno del crack finanziario occidentale, dal quale sono rimasti parzialmente immuni Paesi emergenti le cui economie non erano state ancora tanto profondamente modificate dal sistema finanziario di Stati Uniti ed Europa occidentale. Con differenze di scala e di magnitudo una folta schiera di città europee e nordamericane si sono impegnate nella realizzazione di GPU, seguite in questo processo dalle principali città di Paesi emergenti o di potenze in via di consolidamento (Pechino, Shangai, San Paolo, Città del Messico ecc.). Anche città piccole e medie si sono impegnate nella sfida di innovare e trasformare i propri tessuti, la propria economia e il proprio rango urbano, investendo in progetti affidati molto spesso alle cosiddette "archistar" internazionali o a società di progettazione parti- colarmente avanzate sui temi della costruzione ecologica e del risparmio energetico. Il presente saggio propone un caso studio particolarmente interessante, caratterizzato da dinamiche precipue e non riscontrabili in molti altri contesti: le recenti trasformazioni urbane nella città di Dnipropetrovsk (Nipropetrovsk), capoluogo dell’omonima regione, una delle città principali dell’Ucraina dal punto di vista economico, politico e culturale.

The article provides that the military actions in Donbass, the temporary occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the global pandemic caused by the coronavirus and a num- ber of secondary causes were the result of the first manifestations of the economic crisis in Ukraine. It is confirmed that the regulatory support of alternative energy sources in Ukraine consists of a large number of regulations and bylaws, which is an indicator of advanced work of legislative and executive bodies to further improve the mechanisms of regulatory support for the gradual transition to alternative energy sources. It is important for Ukraine now to provide state support to electricity producers from alternative energy sources on a competitive basis, namely through auctions and tenders. After all, such potential should be used to stimu- late the country’s economic activity, improve its trade balance, which allows not only mod- ernizing fixed assets in the energy sector.

"Learning and living democracy for all". Council of Europe Programme promoting Citizenship and Human Rights Education - Since 1997, the Council of Europe has supported a Project on Education for Democratic Citizenship and Human Rights (EDC/HRE) with the aim of complimenting its treaty related activities in the fields of Human and Social Rights. The article presents the programmes and the initiatives supported and developed by the Council of Europe both at an international and at the national levels as well as the most important adopted texts and publications. It outlines the principles on which partnership and networking are built by the Council of Europe in close cooperation with member states and other regional and international institutions.

Keywords human rights education, education for democratic citizenship, international cooperation.

The current article investigates the psychological and social challenges that displaced people face in the context of the Russian-Ukrainian war. The authors focus on the consequences of traumatic experiences, language situations, and the correlation between migrants’ aggression and loneliness. The comparative study was concentrated on Ukrainians who relocated to other countries, including Po- land, Germany, and Canada, as well as those who had been internally displaced to Kyiv. The findings indicate a high level of aggression, particularly among men, associated with circumstances and a sense of loss. The factors that con- tribute to adaptation difficulties for Ukrainian forced migrants and immigrants were identified, and it was outlined how the absence of group support and social integration can exacerbate adaptation problems. The article’s overall conclusion emphasises the importance of understanding the psychological aspects of dis- placed individuals’ adaptation in order to overcome challenges and form a positive image of a country.

Blockchain technology, brought into existence in the year 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto, is an open and distributed ledger tool offering secure and permanent storage of transactions. It offers decentralized control of transactions. Over the period, three different versions of blockchain have been developed. It is widely used in sectors like healthcare, education, etc. Circular economy is such a production and consumption ecosystem that focuses on waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. The present study tries to analyze the avant-garde state of blockchain technology’s application for circular economy by adopting a bibliometric and systematic approach. Taking a filtered sample of 1339 papers from Scopus database, bibliometric analysis was conducted with an aim to understand the evolution of blockchain’s usage in circular economy. Later, systematic review of the relevant papers is done that highlighted major prospects and barriers to blockchain’s adoption. The study also cites present applications of blockchain by corporates and governments. Finally, it concludes with suggestions for blockchain’s better adoption. The present study is one of its kind, true to the knowledge of the authors. Such bibliometric analysis combined with systematic review is an outcome of the original work of the authors. The combined results of the two reviews have not yet been done in the field of study.

The sea, natural rivers, minor rivulets, canals, ditches, moats, ponds and waterside were the very important places for Edo culture. Edo and Tokyo, by dint of these waters, had become an extremely protean city. The Yoshiwara pleasure district served as a kind of cultural salon. It was frequented by the literati and painters of ukiyoe, who featured the district and its prostitutes in their works, which were printed and sold in large quantities by the printing houses, so that the pleasure districts prospered in a kind of interdependency with the publishing world. Yoshiwara had been built at the edge of the sea and even after moving inland it was a place many people would access by riverboats. Journeying along the river was to pass from the real world and enter into another. This different world that one access by a river journey from the real world also holds true for the theater districts. On the other hand, Asakusa was a location often used for important scenes. With its long history, this area is deeply connected with the formation of Edo on the banks of the Sumida River. The Sumida River has been used with particular variety in the culture and stories of Edo. The Ryogoku Bridge, especially, featured in many texts written in the Edo period. In this paper, I want readers to see the variety of images of Edo with water.

This study examines the impact of social preferences on the individual incentives of participating in climate coalitions with laboratory experimental evidence. The theoretical prediction suggests that, when players are self-interested, a dominant strategy equilibrium could exist conditionally. Players could be either critical or non-critical to an effective coalition. However, inequality-aversion may reshape the coalition formation. The coalition size could be unstable, equal or larger than the dominant strategy equilibrium. The laboratory evidence in this study suggests that most players were inequality-averse and the coalition size was usually unstable but larger than the dominant strategy equilibrium. Nevertheless, the inequality-averse attitude was positively associated with the incentives of participation. Particularly, when they were non-critical players, egalitarians were likely to give up the free riding benefit by joining a coalition. Subjective preferences were significantly associated with the decisions as well. Individual political and religious attitudes had significant effects on the individual cooperation. Our findings help to understand the climate coalition formation.

The paper investigates the agricultural cooperatives acting as a new urban-rural interface in China. It analyses the traditionally accepted urban-rural interface (small towns and medium cities) and the agricultural cooperatives for rural development. The findings of a comparative analysis show that agricultural cooperatives are bottom-up initiatives, representing peasants’ interests, which dynamically and actively link the rural areas with the cities. These functions are different from those of the small towns and medium cities whereby the rural areas passively respond to the urban influence. The framework of agricultural cooperatives as constituting the new urban-rural interface is depicted. Finally, the paper highlights the need to develop agricultural cooperatives in the current situation of rural China.

Although China has a short history of dairy products consumption (Xiu & Klein, 2010), the landscape of China’s dairy industry has dramatically changed over the past two decades. From 1995 to 2015, per capita consumption of dairy products for urban residents increased from 4.6 kg to 30 kg. Rapid income growth gave China’s urban residents access to refrigerators and pushed up the purchase of luxury items such as ice-cream. Income growth also started providing access to imported infant formula milk powder (Fuller, Huang, Ma, & Rozelle, 2006). In spite of increasing year-to-year production, dairy sales stagnated in 2008 after a milk contamination scandal. Our study qualitatively explores consumers’ post-event perceptions of dairy products to explore the long-term effects of negative advertising and how this affects consumers’ long-term purchase intention. Our results from ten focus groups with different demographics indicate that the negative effects of food scares are reduced over time and, in spite of initial drops in sales, time itself heals drops in consumers’ demand. While demand for the product does not drop ad libitum, preferences seem to shift from local products to imported products, hampering the growth of local industries but favouring FDI. 

Applying the VAR model, the author finds that targeting real MC+CD is the most effective monetary policy in raising real GDP for Japan. Real monetary base ranks second whereas there is a 95% probability that the confidence interval of the response of real output to the overnight call rate contains a zero value. More government debt has a negative effect on output. Yen appreciation is expansionary in the long run. Real equity prices seem not to affect real output. Therefore, the proposals to pursue debt-financed spending or yen depreciation to help Japan’s economy may need to be reassessed thoroughly. Because the overnight call rate is probably too low to be cut and is insignificant, the Bank of Japan may consider switching to M2+CD and/or the monetary base as a policy instrument in stimulating Japan’s economy as suggested by McCallum (2002) and Meyer (2001).

In our note, we tried to realise a comprehensive document dedicated to Social Network Analysis, in which we focused on its origin, application and adoption in analysing the diffusion of innovation, with particular attention paid to the agriculture sector, because we believe that farmers can easily exchange knowledge with each other and boost the diffusion of innovation in terms of agricultural techniques. Most of the scientific researches reported in our note in which SNA was applied are carried out in developing countries, we reckon that in these countries information is not usually recorded in a database, and farmers can easily get innovation through their system of acquaintances. We noted that SNA is a flexible and useful tool because it can be applied jointly with several approaches and theories. Through SNA, we can get relevant information about the network to understand how innovation gets shared and to assess the role and importance of different actors involved in the network.

L’Articolo propone un’interpretazione in chiave analitica della fiaba coreana intitolata ChunHyang, dal nome dell’eroina della storia; il racconto narra le vicissitudini di una ragazza bella e saggia, ChunHyang, figlia di una cortigiana e di un magistrato, promessa sposa del giovane MongRyong, costretta a lottare contro il potente e dispotico funzionario del Re che vorrebbe farne la propria concubina. Nel dipanarsi della vicenda, che si svolge secondo tòpoi comuni ai racconti fiabeschi, compreso il lieto fine, s’incontrano personaggi maschili e femminili che vengono interpretati dal punto di vista della psicologia analitica come produzioni psichiche autonome, immagini archetipiche. La relazione tra la protagonista e queste figure si traduce simbolicamente nella relazione tra la coscienza e i contenuti psichici inconsci ai quali esse danno un volto; dalla coniunctio oppositorum, rappresentata nella fiaba dal matrimonio tra ChunHyang e MongRyong, scaturirà l’esperienza simbolica trasformativa. Con sguardo attento alla condizione femminile, l’articolo auspica che le donne moderne giungano a stabilire un’analoga generativa connessione sia con il proprio mondo psichico interno che con la vita cosciente collettiva, al fine di dare spazio alla propria tendenza individuativa.