RISULTATI RICERCA

The striving of the Republic of Kazakhstan for international integration and entry into influential international structures is impossible without the introduction of advanced experience in the field of labour law. Therewith, the labour law of each country is a unique and very broad branch of law; therefore, for the purposes of this study, such parameters as wages, provisions on weekends and holidays, as well as the issue of concluding and terminating an employment contract as the most fundamental labour law issues. To achieve the objectives of the study, the comparative method is used as the main one, both in horizontal and vertical as-pects. At the same time, the classical inductive method is used to formulate many provisions as an addition. For comparison, the authors of the study take the expe-rience of the United States, Russia, and China as the main trading partners of Ka-zakhstan, relations with which are of decisive importance for the country. From the stated provisions, it was concluded that the labour law of the Republic of Ka-zakhstan is quite progressive, although they need to be adjusted. Among the ana-lysed provisions, first of all, it is necessary to correct the size of the minimum wage, as the most important economic and legal indicator, and also to consider the pos-sibility of extending the minimum paid leave from 24 to 28 days. Therewith, the provisions on a written employment contract and the protection of employees from unjustified dismissal are quite progressive.

This article examines some of the implications of gender equality and gender policy at the national level from the perspective of social security guarantees. The changes that have taken place in family relations, economy, and politics challenge the gender regime in Kazakhstan. The article argues that social, political, and economic changes were not accompanied by the development of new gender models at the national level. New gender problems arise, including the trajectory of the distribution of the status of women in the family from the perspective of Islam. The article discusses the existing public and political demand for women’s empowerment, which determines the relevance of improving the quality of a number of laws in relation to gender equality in accessing social security measures and facilitating unpaid care work. The first step was to study the construction and guarantees of the implementation of the principle of gender equality in the Constitution of Kazakhstan. At the second stage, international standards for the equality of men and women were summarized from the point of view of implementation in national legislation. At the last stage, recommendations and suggestions aimed at eliminating the discriminatory standards of social protection from the legislation are summarized and formulated.

The modern world cannot be imagined without the Internet and digital devices; sustainable digitalization is a global trend that covers all areas of life and is gaining momentum from year to year. The digitalization of the educational sphere in Ka-zakhstan began relatively recently, but the global pandemic and the associated transition to distance education have significantly accelerated the process of digi-tal transformation of the education system. The article provides an analysis of the problems that Kazakhstani education had to face in the transition to online learn-ing, and emergency measures taken by the state and the business environment to solve them. Based on the materials of in-depth interviews with experts in the edu-cational field, an analysis was made of the impact of the pandemic on the process of digital transformation of the educational sector and the prospects for the devel-opment of education in the changed conditions, and key areas for further improv-ing the quality of digital education were identified.

Psychological capital (PsyCap) has drawn the attention of researchers in the last decade. Scholars claim that PsyCap plays a significant role in both individual and organizational performance. Considering the importance of the construct, this research aimed to investigate the relationship between early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and PsyCap. The research methodology was a quantitative method with a survey approach. Using PLS software for analyzing data, findings reported the EMSs in four domains, including disconnection and rejection, im-paired autonomy and performance. Impaired limits and other-directedness are negatively related to an individual’s PsyCap. Results can suggest how individual and organizational PsyCap can be enhanced by schema-focused interventions and training programs. Likewise, this study provides theoretical implications for future researchers to investigate the extent that schema-focused interventions, as well as training programs, can improve the individual, group, and organizational PsyCap.

L’obiettivo dell’articolo è quello di analizzare le pratiche, i processi e le interpretazioni dei codici di legittimità ed illegittimità che intervengono nella costruzione dello spazio pubblico ad Atene in tempi di crisi socio-politica. Nell’articolo si tenta di identificare come la discontinuità, la frammentazione e l’incertezza riguardo al futuro condizionano le politiche relative allo spazio pubblico. Sulla base dell’analisi delle diverse esperienze che danno forma allo spazio pubblico ad Atene, l’articolo sostiene che gli attuali interventi urbani neoliberali sono parte di un più ampio progetto di "ristrutturazione" dello stato, servendo inoltre a riaffermare la legittimità delle autorità istituzionali di fronte al cambiamento.

Singapore is one of the few global cities in the world with no informal settlements. Despite this, there is a clear presence of socially segregated areas, related in particular to the practices of unskilled migrant communities who move to an urban environment to provide services for the big city. The paper analyses the reasons and nature of the ‘geographies of inequality’, by using the keys to interpretation proposed by Wacquant on the relationship between forms of social segregation and globalisation. The paper also takes a look at polices. The phenomenon may in fact be understood as part of a government strategy towards these recently migrated poor groups in the population in which the controlled access dimension seems designed to create a ‘temporary two tier social structure’ which does not encourage integration.

This paper aims to explore the peculiarity of the pandemic in stateless communities. Through a case study from a Palestinian refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon, we analyse how Palestinian refugees were affected by and responded to the pandemic. We find that the legal exclusion of refugees from the state protection has generated invisible mobility, which further increased the risk of spreading the virus. Refugees have founded their own community response mechanisms of food sharing and crowdfunding. They established Aman medical centre in the camp, which has become a destination for infected, yet undocumented, residents of the city. We conclude how Palestinian refugees used this invisible mobility to save other refugees, therefore proving how refugee camps can become spaces of rescue in times of global emergency. 

L’Autore presenta inizialmente alcune considerazioni relative al concetto di personalità, identità e Sé che appartengono ad ambiti di conoscenza differenti ma affini e ricorda come il concetto di Sé sia l’unico appartenente a pieno titolo all’ambito psicoanalitico. Successivamente affronta le problematiche relative all’uso dei vari DSM e in particolare all’ultimo, il DSM 5 che a differenza degli altri abbandona, finalmente la diagnosi multiassiale con l’implicito riconoscimento dei limiti clinici di classificare la patologia mentale in modo esclusivamente categoriale. Una diagnosi di tipo funzionale, invece, che privilegi una visione della sofferenza mentale come distribuita lungo un continuum tra normalità e patologia e che non disconosca l’importanza dell’ambiente umano e relazionale ma anzi, ponga al centro la singolarità di ogni persona colla sua storia unica e individuale, è l’unica compatibile con l’approccio psicodinamico contemporaneo.

The article offers an overview on the recent historiographical discussions on the national question in Spain, by focusing on recent work on Spain’s national identities, Iberian nationalisms and related phenomena. It is displayed how the previous absence of historical analysis on the development of Spanish nationalism and national identity has been overcome in the last years, thanks to the new interest arisen among historians for Spanish nation-building in the 19th and 20th centuries, while the previously prevailing concentration on substate nationalisms has been abandoned. However, politics and history continue to be closely intertwined in the study of nationalism.