RISULTATI RICERCA

In this paper we review the results in the empirical literature on the effects of immovable property taxation reforms occurred in Italy in the last decades. We preliminary resume the recent history of property taxation reforms and discuss why Italy represents a good experimental laboratory to identify their effects on economic outcomes. We then review the empirical contributions regarding the impact of the ICI, introduced in 1993, and of the IMU, introduced in 2012, on local firms’ investments, property values and households’ consumption. We finally resume the findings related to the political economy of residential property taxation with respect to the incentives of local authorities, tax avoidance and voters’ reaction

After the Stability and Growth Pact suspension to face the Covid-19 emergency and subsequent financial crisis, a novel fiscal discipline must be designed for the Euro Area. In this short paper, we formally analyze and compare three budget rules and their efficacy in pursuing a reasonable public debt reduction target, explicitly envisaged by them. The rules we refer to are: (a) the structural adjustment toward a budget medium term objective, required by Fiscal Compact discipline; (b) the expenditure rule proposed by European Fiscal Board and (c) the Musgrave Golden rule. By a simple simulation exercise we argue that the rule proposed by EFB seems to be, for a country with a low rate of growth and a high level of public debt, preferable to the other two.

The principle of excluded middle is more important than is commonly believed for understanding Kant’s overall philosophical project. In the article, this principle is examined in the following contexts: (i) kinds of judgments, (ii) concepts of opposition, negation, and determination, and (iii) apagogic proof. It is first explained how the principle of excluded middle is employed by Kant in distinguishing between the kinds of judgment. Also called the principle of division, it is the principle of disjunctive and apodictic judgments in Kant’s famous table of judgments. Next, the Author shows which kind of opposition is related to the principle of the excluded middle. As a merely logical criterion of truth, this principle grounds the logical necessity of a cognition and plays an important role in the use of apagogical proofs. Then Kant’s account of logical negation will be investigated briefly. Negative judgment with a negative copula indicates that something is not contained within the sphere of a given concept. This process occurs in accordance with the principle of excluded middle. Finally, an analysis is made of how Kant presents the metaphysical principle of thoroughgoing determination and its differences from the logical principle of excluded middle.

In René Descartes’ works there are four major references to living bodies as objects of his natural philosophy. The first is contained in the Fifth part of the Discours de la Méthode, published in June 1637, where Descartes provides a mechanical explanation of the heartbeat and other living functions of the body. The second is in a bio-medical note collected in the Excerpta anatomica dated November 1637, where he discusses nutrition and growth. The third is the famous claim on the absence of a section on living bodies in the Principia philosophiae, published in 1644. The fourth is in La Description du corps humain, Descartes’ late physiology likely dated 1647-1648. In this article, by exploring these passages and contextualizing his physiological observations of animals and plants, I reassemble Descartes’ science of life: his dismissal of soul, his mechanical framework, his interpretation of bodily self-maintenance and growth, his understanding of living bodies as integrated and organic systems, and the role of a power such as the immutatio and forces such as the impetus.

This paper focuses on the theory of divine ideas of Walter Burley (1275-1347). The medieval common theory of divine ideas, developed by Augustine, was intended to provide an answer to the question of the order and intelligibility of the world. The world is rationally organized since God created it according to the models existing eternally in his mind. Augustine’s theory, however, left open problems such as reconciling the principle of God’s unity with the plurality of ideas, the way in which ideas can or cannot be said to be eternal, their ontological status. Medieval authors discussed such questions until at least the late 14th century. By resorting to the semantic tool of connotation, Burley explains both in what way ‘idea’ can signify the divine essence as much as the creatures (thereby reconciling the principle of God’s unity with the multiplicity of ideas), and in what sense we can say that God has thought them from eternity, without slipping into a necessitarian view that undermines the principle of divine freedom. Moreover, by envisaging the objective mode of being as the only mode of being of ideas, he explains in what way they truly differ from one another on the basis of their different conceptual contents

L’articolo approfondisce il rapporto fra gli aspetti tecnici della psicoterapia cognitiva e le dinamiche personali e affettive che intercorrono fra terapeuta e paziente. Gli autori evidenziano la crescente valorizzazione della relazione terapeutica nella psicoterapia cognitiva e mettono a fuoco i fattori di carattere emotivo nelle interazioni fra terapeuta e paziente, e il loro ruolo nella produzione del cambiamento. Questi elementi sono analizzati alla luce dei più recenti modelli di trattamento, noti come Terza Ondata della terapia cognitivocomportamentale.

Attraverso il commento del caso di Maria, si vuole offrire un diverso punto di vista per poter intervenire clinicamente, secondo i principi teorici della moderna teoria dell’attaccamento e le applicazioni della terapia sensomotoria. L’ipotesi che ci guida è che la depressione di Maria possa trovare fondamento nella relazione di attaccamento, che ha promosso una identità incarnata in schemi posturali ed emotivi disfunzionali ed ha negato l’espressione autentica della sua identità. Grazie alla terapia sensomotoria, il lavoro si incentra sul recupero di pattern somatici bloccati e sul tentativo di fornire una riparazione dell’esperienza di attaccamento mancante.