RISULTATI RICERCA

L’articolo studia il ruolo delle opposizioni e delle minoranze parlamentari alla luce delle trasformazioni in atto nella forma di governo italiana. A partire dalla stagione della "Se-conda Repubblica" il saldarsi dell’asse tra Governo e maggioranza parlamentare ha progressivamente ridotto i margini per la partecipazione dlle opposizioni e delle minoranze alla determinazione dell’indirizzo politico. La fine del bipolarismo e il ritorno a un sistema elettorale prevalentemente proporzionale sembrano avere aggravato anziché attenuare, le distorsioni in atto. L’articolo si interroga sui possibili rimedi, che potrebbero essere, alternativamente, la riaffermazione della centralità del Parlamento, ovvero l’introduzione di adeguati strumenti di tutela per le minoranze e le opposizioni parlamentari.

Il saggio si concentra sulla giurisprudenza costituzionale in tema di vizi formali del pro-cedimento legislativo, con particolare riferimento a quella recente sulla decretazione d’urgenza e sulle modalità di approvazione della legge di bilancio, evidenziando come la essa abbia sostanzialmente rinunciato a tutelare i pochi ma essenziali momenti dell’iter legislativo sanciti dall’art. 72 Cost. Questa sostanziale rinuncia della Corte al suo potere di controllo non pare essere mutata dopo la recente apertura al conflitto di attribuzioni del singolo parlamentare che, per le condizioni e i limiti imposti, ne fanno uno strumento di fatto non attivabile, come la recente giurisprudenza non ha mancato di confermare.

Il saggio si propone di analizzare il ruolo del Parlamento italiano nel processo di forma-zione e attuazione del diritto europeo. Sotto il primo profilo, viene esaminato il funzio-namento del meccanismo del controllo di sussidiarietà, e vengono presi in considerazio-ne gli strumenti di indirizzo nei confronti del Governo. Con riguardo alla fase discen-dente, l’attenzione si concentra sugli strumenti normativi di attuazione del diritto euro-peo. Un focus particolare è dedicato alla manovra di bilancio e alla interlocuzione con le istituzioni europee. Il saggio si conclude con alcune considerazioni sulle disfunzioni del bicameralismo e su possibili miglioramenti del sistema dei rapporti tra Parlamento e UE.

Da circa trent’anni il sistema di governo parlamentare, in Italia, ha funzionato in modo poco rispettoso del ruolo centrale che la Costituzione riserva agli organi parlamentari, a cominciare dall’esercizio della funzione normativa. Nella prassi sono stati il Governo e il suo leader, insieme allo stesso Presidente della Repubblica, ad assumere, non solo la guida politica dello Stato, ma anche il pieno controllo della maggioranza parlamentare via via faticosamente costituita. Nell’articolo si ipotizzano alcune soluzioni istituzionali incentrate principalmente su nuovi meccanismi elettorali in grado di rivitalizzare il parlamenta-rismo italiano, ritenuto sempre preferibile ad altri sistemi di governo.

This study concerns a research conducted on 329 individuals divided into three groups: 109 patients in charge of the Pathological Addiction Service (SerDP) Pianura dell’AUSL of Bologna (group of drug addicts), 110 patients followed with a psychological treatment at the AUSL of Bologna in the context of The Protection of Minors or in psychotherapy at private facilities (group of patients in treatment) and 110 students of psychology or workers (non-clinical group). There are three research questions to which the present work seeks an answer. The first is related to the possibility of identifying through the use of MMPI-2 a typical personality profile of the addict who turns to the SerDP. The second is related to the possibility of identifying among SerDP patients a typical personality profile of the alcohol user, rather than the user of cannabinoids, opioids or cocaine, through the results that emerge from the MMPI-2. The third research question aims, starting from the results emerged, to suggest which good practices can facilitate collaboration between different services such as CSM, SerDP, NPIA and SPDC in the design and maintenance of the treatment pathways of cases with comorbidities between Substance Use Disorder (DUS) and mental disorder. The results support the hypothesis that those who turn to SerDP show specific symptoms and some typical and recurrent personality characteristics of clinical relevance, detectable by the MMPI-2 test. On the basis of this evidence, the need to prepare, where they are not already foreseen, methodological paths of collaboration, joint management and treatment of comorbid patients involving the operators of the various territorial services seems central.

Literature and clinical practice have extensively dealt with the topic of addictions. However, there are still few studies that have systematically investigated parenting and the use or abuse of narcotics. Most focused mainly on the consequences and safety of the children involved. Aware of the need for a rigorous knowledge of the challenges, expectations and difficulties faced by the user in responding adequately to the parental role, the aim of this work is to retrace and integrate, with a critical approach, the main theoretical contributions of the last decade with a specific focus on the maternal role. We therefore argued the need for systemic care of the user starting from pregnancy, which arises as a highly stressful event that puts a strain on a woman’s therapeutic path. The most recent contributions will then be explored in order to understand and explain the variability of parental responses in addictive behavior according to the neurobiological approach to the mother-infant relationship. Finally, we will mention the environmental and social correlates related to the use of substances and how these can selectively affect particular parenting skills, such as the ability to provide consistent and constant caregiving over time. The path traced up to now pushes us to the awareness of the need for a deep knowledge of the complexity of the phenomenon and a careful analysis of the needs prior to the conception of a therapeutic path. The main predictor of treatment failure in this target user is, in fact, the lack of specific intervention programs, which consider individual differences.

Introduction: The Addictive Behaviour Centre (Ser.D.) of Bergamo has been in the frontline to tackle HCV infection in patients who use drugs over the last few years. Methods: Several initiatives have been implemented, from the HCV screening performed for the IST screening and by using finger tests, up to the prescription of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in the Ser.D. point of care. Results: out of 584 patients tested for HCV Ab for the IST screening, 15,4% resulted positive, out of 191 patients tested for HCVRNA, 43,5% resulted positive. Out of 186 patients tested by the use of finger tests for HCV Ab, 18,8% resulted positive, while of the 303 patients tested by HCVRNA finger test, 21,5% was positive. 94 patients were found eligible for DAAs treatment: 31 already started the treatment, while 15 are going to start in the next months. Conclusion: The access to HCV care for people who use drugs has been improved by the introduction of point of care testing and the DAAs treatment in the Ser.D. of Bergamo. Unfortunately, there are still barriers to treatment that need to be addressed for this vulnerable group of people.

The forty years of work in the Ser.D. have taught us to grasp changes, often beyond laws and resources, proposing the correct organizational evolutions. The evolution of consumption and states of dependence, the new consumption of young people, the challenges to the limit of risks, the addictive behaviors such as chemic sex recall the need for new reading paradigms, a new clinic and new operational tools. A collaboration between the SMEL Clinical Chemical Analysis and Microbiology Laboratory of the Lodi Hospital and the Ser.D. has begun a few months ago, aimed at introducing a new protocol for the research of substances of abuse on the keratin matrix in drug addiction monitoring. Furthermore, with this type of analysis, the laboratory can provide its Ser.D. with a more effective analysis tool in monitoring patients. The high specificity of the test is able to determine greater diagnostic reliability with a consequent improvement in the specificity of treatment.