The Breath of the Sahel. Representations of a Space in Motion

Journal title RIVISTA GEOGRAFICA ITALIANA
Author/s Andrea Pase, Federico Gianoli, Luca De Felice, Marina Bertoncin, Michael Cherlet, Angela Kronenburg García
Publishing Year 2022 Issue 2022/1 Language Italian
Pages 28 P. 32-59 File size 0 KB
DOI 10.3280/rgioa1-2022oa13366
DOI is like a bar code for intellectual property: to have more infomation click here

FrancoAngeli is member of Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA), a not-for-profit association which run the CrossRef service enabling links to and from online scholarly content.

The Sahel is an area that, over time, has had multiple definitions, climatic-botanical and political: its limits have been traced in very different ways. Even the usage of this name and its delimitation on maps has been openly questioned and contested. Ourcontribution proposes a cartography capable of mapping the incessant movement of conditions, limits and possibilities that characterize this strip between the Sahara and the humid Sudanese regions, rendering the areal definition of the Sahel visible andfluid at the same time. However, it is a question of rethinking the very foundation of cartography – what has been ‘taken for granted’ in the past – such as the common tools of cartographic representation, for example the concept of ‘isohyet’ to identify climatic areas or ‘boundaries’ to define political jurisdictions. Knowledge from fieldwork and expertise in the processing of satellite and geo-referenced data converge in this path of analysis and representation.

Keywords: ; Sahel, cartography, Google Earth Engine, rain, floods, borders

  1. (ed. or. La Méditerranée et le Monde méditerranéen à l’ époque de Philippe II. Paris: Colin, 1949/1982).
  2. Cherlet M., Hutchinson C., Reynolds J., Hill J., Sommer S., von Maltitz G., a cura di (2018). World Atlas of Desertification. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union.
  3. Davy E.G., Mattei F., Solomon S.I. (1976). An evaluation of the climate and water resources for development of agriculture in the Sudan-Sahelian zone of West Africa. WMO Special Environment Report N.9, Geneva. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=8268 (consultato il 28 giugno 2021)
  4. Dematteis G. (1985). Le metafore della Terra. La geografia umana tra mito e scienza. Milano: Feltrinelli.
  5. Id. (2021). La geografia come immaginazione. Tra piacere della scoperta e ricerca di futuri possibili. Roma: Donzelli.
  6. de Planhol X., Rognon P. (1970). Les zones tropicales arides et subtropicales. Paris: Colin.
  7. Diamond J. (1998). Armi, acciaio e malattie. Breve storia del mondo negli ultimi tredicimila anni. Torino: Einaudi (ed. or., Guns, Germs, and Steel. The Fates of Human Societies. New York-London: Norton, 1997).
  8. Fensholt R., Rasmussen K., Kaspersen P., Huber S., Horion S., Swinnen E. (2013). Assessing Land Degradation/Recovery in the African Sahel from Long-Term Earth Observation Based Primary Productivity and Precipitation Relationships. Remote Sensing, 5(2): 664-686. DOI: 10.3390/rs5020664
  9. Fournet-Guérin C., Magrin G. (2018). L’Afrique, du Sahel et du Sahara à la Méditerranée: intégrations, circulations et fragmentations. Bulletin de l’Association de Géographes Français, 95(2): 165-174. DOI: 10.4000/bagf.2953
  10. Funk C., Peterson P., Landsfeld M., Pedreros D., Verdin J., Shukla S., Husak G., Rowland J., Harrison L., Hoell A., Michaelsenet J. (2015). The climate hazards infrared precipitation with stations - a new environmental record for monitoring extremes. Sci Data 2: 150066. DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2015.66
  11. Gallais J. (1975). Pasteurs et paysans du Gourma. La condition sahélienne. Mémoire du Centre d’Études de Géographie Tropicale. Paris: CNRS.
  12. Gann L.H., Duignan P. (1969). Reflections on Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa. In: Gann L.H., Duignan P., a cura di, Colonialism in Africa 1870-1960. Vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  13. Gavin R.J., Betley J.A. (1973). The Scramble for Africa. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
  14. Giri J. (1983). Le Sahel demain catastrophe ou renaissance? Paris: Karthala.
  15. Gorelik N., Hancher M., Dixon M., Ilyushchenko S., Thau D., Moore R. (2017). Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone. Remote Sensing of Environment, 202: 18-27. DOI: 10.1016/j.rse.2017.06.031
  16. Grégoire E. (2019). Le Sahel et le Sahara entre crises et resilience. Hérodote, 172: 5-22. DOI: 10.3917/her.172.0005
  17. Griffiths I. (1986). The Scramble for Africa: Inherited Political Boundaries. The Geographical Journal, 152(2): 204-216. DOI: 10.2307/634762
  18. Hulme M. (1992). Rainfall changes in Africa. International Journal of Climatology, 12(7): 685-699. DOI: 10.1002/joc.3370120703
  19. Igue J.O. (1995). Le territoire et l’État en Afrique. Les dimensions spatiales du développement. Paris: Karthala.
  20. Lehner B., Verdin K., Jarvis A. (2008). New global hydrography derived from spaceborne elevation data. Eos, Transactions, AGU, 89(10): 93-94. DOI: 10.1029/2008EO100001
  21. Id., Grill G. (2013). Global river hydrography and network routing: baseline data and new approaches to study the world’s large river systems. Hydrological Processes, 27(15): 2171-2186. DOI: 10.1002/hyp.9740
  22. OECD/SWAC (2014). An Atlas of the Sahara-Sahel. Geography, economics and security. West African Studies, OECD Publishing. DOI: 10.1787/9789264222359-en OSS (2019). Sahel and West Africa - Atlas of land cover maps - Strengthening Resilience through services related to innovation, communication and knowledge - BRICKS (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan and Togo). www.oss-online.org/en/sahel-and-west-africa-atlas-landcover-maps (consultato il 28 giugno 2021)
  23. Pase A. (2011). Linee sulla terra. Confini politici e limiti fondiari in Africa subsahariana. Roma: Carocci.
  24. Pekel J.-F., Cottam A., Gorelick N., Belward A.S. (2016). High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes. Nature, 540: 418-422. DOI: 10.1038/nature20584
  25. Pérouse de Montclos M.-A. (2020). Une guerre perdue: la France au Sahel. Paris: JC Lattès.
  26. Pichon E. (2020). Understanding the EU Strategy for the Sahel. Briefing EU Policies – Insight. EPRS, PE 652.050. www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/652050/EPRS_BRI(2020)652050_EN.pdf (consultato il 28 giugno 2021)
  27. Remotti F. (1996). Contro l’ identità. Roma-Bari: Laterza.
  28. Retaillé D. (2018). Sahel, sahel. L’ information géographique, 82(1): 34-81.
  29. Id., Walther O. (2019). Mapping the Sahelian Space, submitted, on line: https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.02223 (consultato il 28 giugno 2021)
  30. Rotberg R.I. (2003). Failed State, Collapsed States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators. In: Rotberg R.I., a cura di, State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror. Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution.
  31. Said E.W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.
  32. Scott J.C. (2009). The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  33. Id. (2010). Sahara or Sahel? The fuzzy geography of terrorism in West Africa. Working Papers 2010-35. Luxembourg: CEPS/INSTEAD. https://liser.elsevierpure.com/ws/portalfiles/portal/11784038/Working+Paper+n%C2%B02010-35 (consultato il 28 giugno 2021)
  34. Walther O. (2019). Frontières, sécurité et développement en Afrique de l’Ouest. Notes ouest-africaines, 26. Paris: OCDE. DOI: 10.1787/74a9db76-fr
  35. Id., Retaillé D. (2010). Sahara or Sahel? The fuzzy geography of terrorism in West Africa. Working Papers 2010-35. Luxembourg: CEPS/INSTEAD. https://liser.elsevierpure.com/ws/portalfiles/portal/11784038/Working+Paper+n%C2%B02010-35 (consultato il 28 giugno 2021)
  36. Allegato 1: Link al codice di Google Earth Engine. https://code.earthengine.google.com/6355582e578f2ce40d48f3a1980f6763
  37. Allegato 2: https://gist.github.com/fgianoli/97027cde9f3739b739f5a8d8ccb19602
  38. Agnew C.T. (1982). Water availability and development of rainfed agriculture in S.W. Niger. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 7(4): 419-457. DOI: 10.2307/622145
  39. Id., Chappel A. (1999). Drought in the Sahel. GeoJournal, 48: 299-311. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007059403077
  40. Agnew J. (1994). The territorial trap: The geographical assumptions of international relations theory. Review of International Political Economy, 1: 53-80, DOI: 10.1080/09692299408434268
  41. Id. (2010). Still Trapped in Territory? Geopolitics, 15(4): 779-784, DOI: 10.1080/14650041003717558
  42. Id. (2015). Revisiting the territorial trap. Nordia Geographical Publications, 44(4): 43–48. https://nordia.journal.fi/article/view/64824 (consultato il 28 giugno 2021)
  43. Alcaro R., Pirozzi N., a cura di (2014). Transatlantic Security from the Sahel to the Horn of Africa. Roma: Edizioni Nuova Cultura, Istituto Affari Internazionali.
  44. Bassou A. (2017). State, Borders and Territory in the Sahel: The case of the G5 Sahel. Policy Brief 17/33. Rabat: OCP Policy Center. https://media.africaportal.org/documents/OCPPC-PB1733vEn.pdf (consultato il 28 giugno 2021)
  45. Belward A.S., Pekel J.-F., a cura di (2020). Atlas of Global Surface Water Dynamics. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2760/20986,JRC119892
  46. Bennafla K. (1999). La fin des territoires nationaux? État et commerce frontalier en Afrique centrale. Politique Africaine, 73: 24-49.
  47. Ead. (2002). Le commerce frontalier en Afrique centrale: acteurs, espaces, pratiques. Paris: Khartala.
  48. Bertoncin M., Bicciato F., Bonollo L., Croce D., Faggi P., Mariani L., Minoia P., Pase A. (1995). Irrigazione, Stato e territorio in Sudan: il gioco della posta in gioco. Terra d’Africa: 8-40.
  49. Ead., Faggi P., a cura di (2006). Cosa resta nel piatto? Fallimenti e promesse dell’agricoltura irrigua nella valle del Senegal. Torino: L’Harmattan Italia.
  50. Ead., Pase A. (2012). Autour du Lac Tchad: enjeux, tensions et conflits pour le control de l’eau. Paris: Harmattan.
  51. Ead., Id. (2017), Interpreting mega-development projects as territorial traps: the case of irrigation schemes on the shores of Lake Chad (State of Borno, Nigeria). Geographica Helvetica, 72: 243-254. DOI: 10.5194/gh-72-243-2017
  52. Ead., Id., Quatrida D., Turrini S. (2019). At the junction between state, nature and capital: Irrigation mega-projects in Sudan. Geoforum, 106: 24-37. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.07.002
  53. Braudel F. (1986). Civiltà e imperi del mediterraneo nell’età di Filippo II. Torino: Einaudi

Andrea Pase, Federico Gianoli, Luca De Felice, Marina Bertoncin, Michael Cherlet, Angela Kronenburg García, Il respiro del Sahel. Rappresentazioni di uno spazio in movimento in "RIVISTA GEOGRAFICA ITALIANA" 1/2022, pp 32-59, DOI: 10.3280/rgioa1-2022oa13366