High-skilled platform jobs in Europe: Trends, quality of work and emerging challenges

Titolo Rivista SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO
Autori/Curatori Ivana Pais, Paolo Borghi, Annalisa Murgia
Anno di pubblicazione 2021 Fascicolo 2021/160 Lingua Inglese
Numero pagine 21 P. 203-223 Dimensione file 237 KB
DOI 10.3280/SL2021-160010
Il DOI è il codice a barre della proprietà intellettuale: per saperne di più clicca qui

Qui sotto puoi vedere in anteprima la prima pagina di questo articolo.

Se questo articolo ti interessa, lo puoi acquistare (e scaricare in formato pdf) seguendo le facili indicazioni per acquistare il download credit. Acquista Download Credits per scaricare questo Articolo in formato PDF

Anteprima articolo

FrancoAngeli è membro della Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA)associazione indipendente e non profit per facilitare (attraverso i servizi tecnologici implementati da CrossRef.org) l’accesso degli studiosi ai contenuti digitali nelle pubblicazioni professionali e scientifiche

This article focuses on high-skilled jobs performed through digital labour platforms (DLPs) in Europe. First, it discusses the main typologies developed in recent years to classify DLPs according to the level of skills required of workers. Second, it pro-vides an overview of the available data and attempts to measure this growing phenomenon. Third, it focuses on the quality of high-skilled platform jobs in com-parison to both low-to-medium-skilled platform jobs and offline jobs performed by the self-employed. The analysis identified several typical characteristics of platform work that have been overlooked by the debate on the quality of work, which has hitherto mainly been based on dependent employment and offline work. Finally, we conclude by discussing the main challenges that DLPs pose in terms of quality of work.

Questo articolo analizza i lavori qualificati eseguiti attraverso piattaforme di lavoro digitali in Europa. Innanzitutto, discute le principali tipologie sviluppate negli ultimi anni per classificare le piattaforme di lavoro digitale in base al livello di competenze richieste a lavoratori e lavoratrici. In secondo luogo, fornisce una panoramica dei dati disponibili e dei tentativi di misurazione di questo fenomeno in crescita. In terzo luogo, si concentra sulle specificità dei lavori di piattaforma qualificati rispetto ai lavori di piattaforma che richiedono competenze medio-basse e ai lavori offline svolti dai/lle lavoratori/trici autonomi/e. Ciò ha permesso di identificare una serie di caratteristiche tipiche del lavoro su piattaforma che sono state trascurate dal dibattito sulla qualità del lavoro, finora basato principalmente sul lavoro dipendente e offline. Infine, concludiamo discutendo le principali sfide che le piattaforme di lavoro digitale pongono in termini di qualità del lavoro.

Keywords:piattaforme di lavoro digitale, qualità del lavoro, lavoro qualificato, lavoro autonomo

  1. Aleksynska M., Bastrakova A., Kharchenko N.N. (2019). Working Conditions on Digital Labour Platforms: Evidence from a Leading Labour Supply Economy. IZA Discussion Papers, No. 12245. Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  2. Allaire N., Colin N., Palier B., Tran L. (2019). Covering risks for platform workers in the digital age. Paris: SciencePo. -- Available at: www.sciencespo.fr/public/chaire-numerique/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/covering-risks-plateform-workers-digital-age.pdf (accessed: 15/12/2020).
  3. Aloisi A. (2019). Negotiating the Digital Transformation of Work: Non-Standard Workers’ Voice, Collective Rights and Mobilisation Practices in the Platform Economy. (June 12) EUI Working paper MWP 2019/3. -- Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3404990 (accessed 15/12/2020).
  4. Arcidiacono D., Borghi P., Ciarini A. (2019). Platform Work: From Digital Promises to Labor Challenges. Partecipazione e conflitto, 12(3): 611-628.
  5. Bastrakova A., Kharchenko N. (2018). Work on digital labour platforms in Ukraine. Geneva: ILO.
  6. Beerepoot N., Lambregts B. (2015). Competition in online job marketplaces: towards a global labour market for outsourcing services?. Global Networks, 15(2): 236-255.
  7. Bellini A., Maestripieri L. (2018). Professions within, between and beyond. Varieties of professionalism in a globalising world. Cambio. Rivista sulle Trasformazioni Sociali, 8(16): 5-14.
  8. Bennaars H. (2019). Social protection for the self-employed: an EU legal perspective. In: Conen W., Schippers J., eds, Self-Employment as Precarious Work. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  9. Berg J., Furrer M., Harmon E., Rani U., Silberman M.S. (2018). Digital labour platforms and the future of work Towards decent work in the online world. Geneva: ILO.
  10. Bergvall‐Kåreborn B., Howcroft D. (2014). Amazon Mechanical Turk and the commodification of labour. New technology, work and employment, 29(3): 213-223.
  11. Bogliacino F., Codagnone C., Cirillo V., Guarascio D. (2019). Quantity and quality of work in the platform economy. GLO Discussion Paper, No. 420. Essen: Global Labor Organization (GLO).
  12. Brancati Urzì C., Pesole A., Fernandez-Macías E. (2020). New evidence on platform workers in Europe. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  13. Brugière F. (2019). Faire face à la dépendance économique et au contrôle numérique: des résistances aux mobilisations professionnelles des chauffeurs des plateformes, La nouvelle revue du travail, (15). -- Available at: http://journals.openedition.org/nrt/5653 (accessed 15/12/2020).
  14. Burchell B., Sehnbruch K., Piasna A., Agloni N. (2014). The quality of employment and decent work: Definitions, Methodologies, and ongoing debates. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 38(2): 459-477.
  15. Cherry M.A., Aloisi A. (2017). Dependent contractors in the gig economy: comparative approach. American University Law Review, 66(3), 635-690.
  16. D’Cruz P., Noronha E. (2016). Positives outweighing negatives: the experiences of Indian crowdsourced workers. Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation, 10(1): 44-63.
  17. De Groen W.P., Maselli I., Fabo B. (2016). The Digital Market for Local Services: A one-night stand for workers? An example from the on-demand economy. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. DOI: 10.2788/53688
  18. De Stefano V. (2016). The rise of the «just-in-time workforce»: On-demand work, crowdwork and labour protection in the «gig-economy». Series No. 71. Geneva: ILO.
  19. De Stefano V., Aloisi A. (2018) European Legal Framework for ‘Digital Labour Platforms’. Luxembourg: European Commission.
  20. Elmer M., Herr B., Klaus D., Gegenhuber T. (2019). Platform workers centre stage! Taking stock of current debates and approaches for improving the conditions of platform work in Europe. Working Paper Forschungsförderung No. 140. -- Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/216060 (accessed 15/12/2020).
  21. Eurofound (2012). Trends in job quality in Europe: a report based on the fifth European Working Conditions Survey. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union.
  22. Eurofound (2017). Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union.
  23. Eurofound (2018). Employment and working conditions of selected types of platform work. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  24. Eurofound (2019). Digital age Platform work: Maximising the potential while safeguarding standards? Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  25. Fabo B., Beblavý M., Kilhoffer Z., Lenaerts K. (2017). An overview of European Platforms: Scope and Business Models. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  26. Florida R. (2002). The rise of the creative class. (Vol. 9). New York: Basic books.
  27. Florida R. (2005). Cities and the creative class. New York: Routledge.
  28. Florisson R., Mandl I. (2018). Platform work: Types and implications for work and employment-Literature review. Employment and working conditions of selected types of platform work. Dublin. -- Available at: www.eurofound.europa.eu. (accessed 15/12/2020).
  29. Forde C., Stuart M., Joyce S., Oliver L., Valizade D., Alberti G., Hardy K., Trappmann V., Umney C., Carson C. (2017). The Social Protection of Workers in the Platform Economy. Brussels: European Parliament.
  30. Friebe H., Lobo S. (2006). Wir nennen es Arbeit: Die digitale Bohème oder Intelligentes Leben jenseits der Festanstellung. Munich: Heyne.
  31. Fulton L. (2018). Trade unions protecting self-employed workers. Brussels: ETUC.
  32. Gallie D. (2003). The quality of working life: is Scandinavia different? European sociological review, 19(1): 61-79.
  33. Gallie D. (2012). La qualità del lavoro: una visione d’insieme della ricerca britannica, Sociologia del lavoro, 127: 73-91. DOI: 10.3280/SL2012-12700
  34. Gallino L. (1985). Informatica e qualità del lavoro. Torino: Einaudi.
  35. Gomez-Herrera E., Martens B., Mueller-Langer F. (2017). Trade, Competition and Welfare in Global Online Labour Markets: A’Gig Economy’Case Study. (No. 05). JRC – Working Paper.
  36. Gosetti G. (2012). Dalla qualità del lavoro alla qualità della vita lavorativa: persistenze e innovazioni nel profilo teorico e nelle modalità di analisi. Sociologia del lavoro, 127: 17-34. DOI: 10.3280/SL2012-12700
  37. Gosetti G. (2014). Lavorare nell’impresa artigiana. Cultura del lavoro e qualità della vita lavorativa. Milano: FrancoAngeli.
  38. Gosetti G. (2015). Lavoro, qualità e sicurezza: la prospettiva degli operatori della prevenzione. Studi Organizzativi, (1): 124-153. DOI: 10.3280/SO2015-00100
  39. Graham M., Hjorth I., Lehdonvirta V. (2017). Digital labour and development: impacts of global digital labour platforms and the gig economy on worker livelihoods. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 23(2), 135-162. DOI: 10.1177/102425891668725
  40. Huws U., Spencer, N.H., Coates M. (2019). The platformisation of work in Europe. Brussels: FEPS.
  41. Irani L.C., Silberman M.S. (2013). Turkopticon: Interrupting worker invisibility in amazon mechanical turk. CHI '13: Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems. ACM, 611-620.
  42. Jesnes K. (2019). Employment Models of Platform Companies in Norway: A Distinctive Approach? Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies, 9(S6).
  43. Johnston H., Land-Kazlauskas C. (2018). Organizing on-demand: Representation, voice, and collective bargaining in the gig economy. Conditions of Work and Employment Series No. 94, Geneva: ILO.
  44. Kalleberg A.L., Dunn M. (2016). Good jobs, bad jobs in the gig economy. LERA for Libraries, 20:1-2.
  45. Kässi O., Lehdonvirta V. (2018). Online labour index: Measuring the online gig economy for policy and research. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 241-248.
  46. La Rosa M., a cura di (1983). Qualità della vita e qualità del lavoro. Milano: FrancoAngeli.
  47. Laplante R., Silberman M.S. (2016). Building Trust in Crowd Worker Forums: Worker Ownership, Governance, and Work Outcomes. Weaving Relations of Trust in Crowd Work: Transparency and Reputation Across Platforms. Hannover, Germany.
  48. Lee H., Staples R. (2018). Digitale Solidarität unter Arbeitnehmer* innen. Industrielle Beziehungen, 25(4): 495-517.
  49. Lenaerts K., Kilhoffer Z., Akgüç M. (2018). Traditional and new forms of organisation and representation in the platform economy. Work Organisation, Labour and Globalisation, 12(2): 60-78.
  50. Leonardi D., Murgia A., Briziarelli M., Armano E. (2019). The ambivalence of logistical connectivity: a co-research with Foodora Riders. Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation, 13(1): 155-171.
  51. Martinelli F., Bozzoni S., Caroli S., Tamascelli F., Guerini G. (2019). Platform cooperativism in Italy and in Europe. 27. Liège: CIRIEC International.
  52. Maselli I., Fabo B. (2015). Digital workers by design? An example from the on-demand economy. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies.
  53. Matsaganis M., Özdemir E., Ward T., Zavakou A. (2016). Non-standard employment and access to social security benefits. Social Situation MonitorResearch note 8. Brussels: European Commission.
  54. Mexi M. (2019). Social Dialogue and the Governance of the Digital Platform Economy: Understanding Challenges, Shaping Opportunities. Geneva: ILO.
  55. Miele F., Tirabeni L. (2020). Digital technologies and power dynamics in the organization: A conceptual review of remote working and wearable technologies at work. Sociology Compass, 14(6): e12795.
  56. MISSOC (2019). Self-employed, Mutual Information System on Social Protection. -- Available at: www.missoc.org/missoc-database/self-employed/ (accessed 10/6/2019).
  57. Murgia A., Bozzon R., Digennaro P., Mezihorak P., Mondon-Navazo M., Borghi P. (2020). Hybrid Areas of Work Between Employment and Self-Employment: Emerging Challenges and Future Research Directions. Frontiers in Sociology, 4: 1-8.
  58. Origgi G., Pais I. (2018). Digital reputation in the mutual admiration society. Studi di sociologia, 2: 175-194. DOI: 10.26350/000309_00003
  59. Pais I. (2019). La platform economy: aspetti metodologici e prospettive di ricerca. Polis, 33(1): 143-162. DOI: 10.1424/9292
  60. Pesole A., Urzí Brancati M.C, Fernández-Macías E., Biagi F., González Vázquez I. (2018). Platform workers in Europe evidence from the COLLEEM survey. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  61. Petriglieri G., Ashford S.J., Wrzesniewski A. (2019). Agony and Ecstasy in the Gig Economy : Cultivating Holding Environments for Precarious and Personalized Work Identities. Administrative Science Quarterly, 64(1): 124-170. DOI: 10.1177/000183921875964
  62. Reichenberger I. (2018). Digital nomads–a quest for holistic freedom in work and leisure. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(3): 364-380. DOI: 10.1080/11745398.2017.135809
  63. Røtnes R., Ingerød Steen J., Røed Steen J., Jesnes K., Røtnes R. (2019). The knowledge-intensive platform economy in the Nordic countries. Oslo: Nordic Innovation.
  64. Scholz T. (2014). Platform cooperativism vs. the sharing economy. In: Douay N., Wan A., eds, Big data & civic engagement. Milan-Rome: Planum.
  65. Scholz T. (2016). Platform Cooperativism. Challenging the Corporate Sharing Economy. New York: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung.
  66. Schörpf P., Flecker J., Schönauer A. (2017). On Call for One’s Online Reputation-Control and Time in Creative Crowdwork. In: Briken K., Krzywdzinski M., Chillas S., eds, The new digital workplace: How new technologies revolutionise work. London: Palgrave.
  67. Silberman M.S., Irani L. (2015). Operating an employer reputation system: lessons from Turkopticon, 2008-2015. Comparative Labor Law & Policy Journal, 37: 505. -- Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2729498 (accessed 15/12/2020).
  68. Söderqvist F. (2017). A Nordic approach to regulating intermediary online labour platforms. Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research, 23(3): 349-352. DOI: 10.1177/102425891771137
  69. Spasova S., Bouget D., Ghailani D., Vanhercke B. (2017). Access to social protection for people working on non-standard contracts and as self-employed in Europe. Brussels: European Commission.
  70. Spinuzzi C. (2012). Working alone together: Coworking as emergent collaborative activity. Journal of business and technical communication, 26(4): 399-441. DOI: 10.1177/105065191244407
  71. Sutherland W., Jarrahi M.H., Dunn M., Nelson S.B. (2019). Work Precarity and Gig Literacies in Online Freelancing. Work, Employment and Society, 1-19. DOI: 10.1177/095001701988651
  72. Tassinari A., Maccarrone V. (2019). Riders on the Storm: Workplace Solidarity among Gig Economy Couriers in Italy and the UK. Work, Employment and Society, 34(1), 35-54. DOI: 10.1177/095001701986295
  73. Van Deth J.W. (1997). Private groups and public life: Social participation and political involvement in representative democracies. London: Routledge.
  74. Vandaele K. (2018). Will trade unions survive in the platform economy? Emerging patterns of platform workers’ collective voice and representation in Europe. Brussels: ETUI.
  75. Wood A.J., Graham M., Lehdonvirta V., Hjorth I. (2019). Networked but commodified: The (dis) embeddedness of digital labour in the gig economy. Sociology, 53(5): 931-950. DOI: 10.1177/003803851982890
  76. Wouters M. (2018). Directing labour market outcomes: why are digital labour platforms not deemed private employment agencies? Working paper presented on 5 September 2018 at the 22nd ISLSSL Conference in Turin.
  77. Zorell C., van Deth J.W. (2020). Understandings of Democracy: New Norms and Participation in Changing Democracies. SocArXiv. May 6.

  • El trabajo que cambia: nuevos trabajos y nuevas identidades laborales Sofía Pérez de Guzmán Padrón, Ivana Pais, in Cuadernos de Relaciones Laborales /2024 pp.13
    DOI: 10.5209/crla.94698
  • Blucher Engineering Proceedings Hoyêdo Nunes Lins, pp.1434 (DOI:10.5151/vi-enei-865)

Ivana Pais, Paolo Borghi, Annalisa Murgia, High-skilled platform jobs in Europe: Trends, quality of work and emerging challenges in "SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO " 160/2021, pp 203-223, DOI: 10.3280/SL2021-160010