Remembering sounds in the brain: From locationist findings to dynamic connectivity research

Our world is full of sounds, either verbal or non-verbal, pleasant or unpleasant, meaningful or simply irrelevant noise. Understanding, memorizing, and predicting the sounds, even non-verbal ones which our environment is full of, is a complex perceptuo-cognitive function that we constantly refine by everyday experience and learning. Musical sounds are a peculiar case due to their culture-dependent complexity and hierarchical organization requiring cognitive functions such as memory to be understood, and due to the presence of individuals (musicians) who dedicate their lifetime to master the specifics of those sounds and rules. Thus far, most of the neuroimaging research focused on verbal sounds and how they are processed and stored in the human brain. Only recently, researchers have tried to elucidate the neural mechanisms and structures allowing non-verbal, musical sounds to be modeled, predicted and remembered. However, those neuroimaging studies often provide only a mere snapshot of a complex dynamic process unfolding over time. To capture the complexity of musical memory and cognition, new methods are needed. A promising analysis method is dynamic functional connectivity, which assumes that functional connectivity changes in a short time. We conclude that moving from a locationist to a dynamic perspective on auditory memory might allow us to finally comprehend the neural mechanisms that regulate encoding and retrieval of sounds.

Our world is full of sounds, either verbal or non-verbal, pleasant or unpleasant, meaningful or simply irrelevant noise. Understanding, memorizing, and predicting the sounds, even non-verbal ones which our environment is full of, is a complex perceptuo-cognitive function that we constantly refine by everyday experience and learning. Musical sounds are a peculiar case due to their culture-dependent complexity and hierarchical organization requiring cognitive functions such as memory to be understood, and due to the presence of individuals (musicians) who dedicate their lifetime to master the specifics of those sounds and rules. Thus far, most of the neuroimaging research focused on verbal sounds and how they are processed and stored in the human brain. Only recently, researchers have tried to elucidate the neural mechanisms and structures allowing non-verbal, musical sounds to be modeled, predicted and remembered. However, those neuroimaging studies often provide only a mere snapshot of a complex dynamic process unfolding over time. To capture the complexity of musical memory and cognition, new methods are needed. A promising analysis method is dynamic functional connectivity, which assumes that functional connectivity changes in a short time. We conclude that moving from a locationist to a dynamic perspective on auditory memory might allow us to finally comprehend the neural mechanisms that regulate encoding and retrieval of sounds.

Parole chiave:; auditory memory; pattern recognition; brain spatiotemporal dynamics; dynamic functional connectivity; music neuroscience

• Proof-of-Concept Study on the Use of Virtual Reality with Evocative and Aesthetic Content for Elderly Individuals with Cognitive Decline Francesco Carlomagno, Vitoantonio Bevilacqua, Antonio Brunetti, Elena Sibilano, Marianna Delussi, Mariangela Lippolis, Raffaele Diomede, Elvira Brattico, in Applied Sciences /2025 pp.4627
  DOI: 10.3390/app15094627
• Neurophysiological correlates of short-term recognition of sounds: Insights from magnetoencephalography E. Serra, M. Lumaca, E. Brattico, P. Vuust, M.L. Kringelbach, L. Bonetti, in Brain and Cognition 106360/2025 pp.106360
  DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106360
• Magnetoencephalography recordings reveal the spatiotemporal dynamics of recognition memory for complex versus simple auditory sequences Gemma Fernández-Rubio, Elvira Brattico, Sonja A. Kotz, Morten L. Kringelbach, Peter Vuust, Leonardo Bonetti, in Communications Biology 1272/2022
  DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04217-8

Fulvia Francesca Campo, Elvira Brattico, Remembering sounds in the brain: From locationist findings to dynamic connectivity research in "RIVISTA DI PSICOLOGIA CLINICA" 2/2022, pp 7-39, DOI: 10.3280/rpc2-2022oa14002