Less Dualisation, More Segmentation: France’s Labour Market Model in the Early 21st Century

Titolo Rivista SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO
Autori/Curatori Daniel Clegg
Anno di pubblicazione 2021 Fascicolo 2021/159 Lingua Francese
Numero pagine 21 P. 50-70 Dimensione file 244 KB
DOI 10.3280/SL2021-159003
Il DOI è il codice a barre della proprietà intellettuale: per saperne di più clicca qui

Qui sotto puoi vedere in anteprima la prima pagina di questo articolo.

Se questo articolo ti interessa, lo puoi acquistare (e scaricare in formato pdf) seguendo le facili indicazioni per acquistare il download credit. Acquista Download Credits per scaricare questo Articolo in formato PDF

Anteprima articolo

FrancoAngeli è membro della Publishers International Linking Association, Inc (PILA)associazione indipendente e non profit per facilitare (attraverso i servizi tecnologici implementati da CrossRef.org) l’accesso degli studiosi ai contenuti digitali nelle pubblicazioni professionali e scientifiche

France has often been understood along with Germany as a paradigmatic case of dualisation, with competitiveness oriented producer group politics driving the step-wise restriction of social and employment protections to core workers, and encour-aging the tacit acceptance of more precarious employment conditions and worse social protection for a growing "outsider" fringe of the workforce. This paper as-sesses this interpretation in the light of developments in French labour law and so-cial policy since the start of the 21st century. In this period segmentation has re-mained a serious problem on the French labour market. Though the growth in the share of atypical employment has slowed in the new millennium, temporary work has on a number of indicators become more unstable and precarious, and transi-tion rates between fixed-term and open-ended contracts have remained extremely low. This paper nonetheless argues that across the period neither institutional changes in social and employment policies nor their underlying socio-political dy-namics are consistent with the conventional dualisation account. It demonstrates that the rollback of employment protections has impacted core workers more than peripheral ones, and that the unemployment insurance system has become con-siderably more inclusive of workers with discontinuous employment biographies. Given that the regulatory autonomy of the social partners - trade unions and em-ployer associations - remained high in the unemployment insurance system until recently, the outsider-oriented direction of much recent institutional reform in this field casts particular doubt on the notion of a pro-dualisation cross-class coalition in France. I argue instead that in a context where fundamental reform of the la-bour market remains a source of deep conflict, French social and political actors have coalesced on a second-best strategy of subsidising outsider precariousness, including through the social insurance system. This helps to explain why segmenta-tion remains so entrenched in France, but also why France has not seen the sharp rises in working-age poverty that are associated with dualisation elsewhere.

La Francia è stata spesso intesa, insieme alla Germania, come un caso paradigmatico di dualizzazione, con le scelte degli attori politici orientate alla competitività che guida la restrizione graduale delle protezioni sociali e occupazionali nei confronti degli outsiders. Questo articolo valuta questa interpretazione alla luce degli sviluppi del diritto del lavoro e della politica sociale francese dall’inizio del 21° secolo. In questo periodo la segmentazione è rimasta un grave problema sul mercato del lavoro francese. Anche se la crescita della quota di occupazione atipica è diminuita nel nuovo millennio, il lavoro temporaneo è diventato su una serie di indicatori più instabile e precario, e i tassi di transizione tra contratti a tempo determinato e contratti a tempo indeterminato sono rimasti estremamente bassi. Questo articolo sostiene tuttavia che nel corso del periodo né i cambiamenti istituzionali nelle politiche sociali e occupazionali né le loro dinamiche socio-politiche di fondo sono coerenti con il tradizionale modello della dualizzazione. Esso dimostra che lo smantellamento delle protezioni dell’occupazione ha avuto un impatto maggiore sui lavoratori del nucleo centrale rispetto a quelli periferici, e che il sistema di assicurazione contro la disoccupazione è diventato considerevolmente più inclusivo dei lavoratori con biografie occupazionali discontinue. Dato che l’autonomia normativa delle parti sociali - sindacati e associazioni dei datori di lavoro - è rimasta elevata nel sistema di assicurazione contro la disoccupazione fino a poco tempo fa, la direzione orientata verso l’esterno di molte recenti riforme istituzionali in questo campo mette in particolare dubbio la nozione di una coalizione trasversale di classe a favore della dualizzazione in Francia. Si sostiene invece che in un contesto in cui la riforma fondamentale del mercato del lavoro rimane una fonte di profondo conflitto, gli attori sociali e politici francesi si sono coalizzati su una strategia di secondo piano per sovvenzionare la precarietà degli emarginati, anche attraverso il sistema di assicurazione sociale. Questo aiuta a spiegare perché la segmentazione rimane così radicata in Francia, ma anche perché la Francia non ha visto i forti aumenti della povertà in età lavorativa che sono associati alla dualizzazione altrove.

Keywords:Francia, mercato del lavoro, dualizzazione, segmentazione, assicurazione contro la disoccupazione

  1. Fontaine F., Vidalenc B. (2020). L’assurance chômage, miroir de la segmentation du marché du travail. Les notes de l’IPP no. 58, Paris: l’Institut des Politiques Publiques.
  2. Freyssinet J. (2019). Le marché du travail en France (2008-2018): Déséquilibre global, segmentation et flexibilisation. Brazilian Journal of Social and Labour Economics, 1.
  3. Freyssinet J. (2014). L’accord du 22 mars 2014 sur l’indemnisation du chômage: un effort de traitement global des impacts de la précarisation de l’emploi. Note Lasaire no. 40, Paris: Lasaire.
  4. Freyssinet J. (2010). Négocier l’emploi: 50 ans de négociations professionnelles sur l’emploi et la formation. Paris: Editions Liaisons Sociales.
  5. Gonthier P., Vinceneux, K. (2017). Des demandeurs d’emploi qui travaillent? Les 7 visages de l’activité réduite. DARES document d’études no. 212, July 2017, Paris: Ministère du Travail.
  6. Grégoire M., Vivès C. and Deyris, J. (2020). Quelle évolution des droits à l’assurance chômage. Rapport pour la CGT, Paris: IRES.
  7. Le Monde (2019). Assurance chômage: le patronat claque la porte de la négociation, 28th January 2019, -- Available at the website www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2019/01/28/assurance-chomage-le-patronat-claque-la-porte-de-la-negociation_5415712_3234.html (last consulted 29th December 2020).
  8. Lindvall J. (2011). The political foundations of trust and distrust: Reforms and protests in France. West European Politics, 34(2): 296-316. DOI: 10.1080/01402382.2011.54657
  9. Marx P. (2012). Labour market dualisation in France: Assessing different explanatory approaches. European Societies, 14(5): 704-726. DOI: 10.1080/14616696.2012.70987
  10. Milin K. (2018). CDD, CDI: Comment évoluent les embauches et les ruptures depuis 25 ans?. DARES Analyses no. 26 (juin 2018), Paris: Ministère du Travail.
  11. OECD (2020). Employment Outlook 2020, Paris: OECD.
  12. Palier B. (2010). The long conservative corporatist road to welfare reforms. In: Palier B., ed., A Long Goodbye to Bismarck? The Politics of Welfare Reform in Continental Europe. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
  13. Palier B. (2002). Gouverner la sécurité sociale. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
  14. Palier B., Thelen K. (2012). Dualization and institutional complementarities: Industrial relations, labor market and welfare state changes in France and Germany. In: Emmenegger P., Hausermann S., Palier B. and Seelieb-Kaiser M., eds., The Age of Dualization: The Changing Face of Inequality in Deindustrializing Societies. New York: Oxford University Press: 201-225.
  15. Palier B., Thelen K. (2010). Institutionalizing dualism: Complemetarities and change in France and Germany. Politics & Society, 38(1): 119-148. DOI: 10.1177/003232920935788
  16. Piore M. (1975). Notes for a theory of labor market segmentation. In: Edwards R., Reich M. and Gordon D., eds., Labor Market Segmentation. Lexington (MA): Health & Co.
  17. Rathgeb P., Tassinari A. (2020). How the Eurozone disempowers trade unions: the political economy of competitive internal devaluation. Socio-Economic Review, June. DOI 10.1093/ser/mwaa021
  18. Thelen K. (2014). Varieties of Liberalization and the New Politics of Social Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  19. Thelen K., Kume I. (2007). Coordination as a political problem in coordinated market economies. Governance, 19(1): 11-42.
  20. Unedic (2020). Parcours professionnels des demandeurs d’emploi en situation de récurrence au chômage. Unedic Eclairages (avril), Paris: Unedic.
  21. Unedic (2019a). Relations de travail suivies: 2 CDD courts sur 3 s’inscrivent dans une succession de contrats de travail chez le même employeur. Unedic Eclairages (juillet), Paris: Unedic.
  22. Unedic (2019b). Les allocataires qui travaillent. Qui sont-ils? Quelles sont leurs activités? Résultats de l’enquête 2018. Paris: Unedic.
  23. Unedic (2013). La croissance continue de l’activité réduite recouvre les réalités et les publics différents. Eclairages: Etudes et Analyses, no. 6. Paris: Unedic.
  24. Vivès C. (2018). Justifications et règles de l’indemnisation de «l’activité réduite»: le sens de l’assurance chômage en question. Revue Française de Socio-Economie, 20(1): 61-81.
  25. Vlandas T. (2013). The politics of temporary work deregulation in Europe: Solving the French puzzle. Politics & Society, 41(3): 425-460. DOI: 10.1177/003232921349375
  26. Willmann C. (2013). La modulation des cotisations d’assurance chômage, un nouvel instrument des polituques de l’emploi?. Droit Social, 10: 778-784.
  27. Amable B. (2016). The political economy of the neoliberal transformation of French industrial relations. ILR Review, 69(3): 523-550. DOI: 10.1177/001979391663071
  28. Amable B. (2017). Structural Crisis and Institutional Change in Modern Capitalism: French Capitalism in Transition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  29. Azkenazy P., Palier B. (2018). France: Rising precariousness supported by the welfare state. In: Nolan B., ed., Inequality and Inclusive Growth in Rich Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  30. Benghalem H. (2016). La majorité des embauches en contrats courts se font chez un ancien employeur. Unedic Eclairages no. 14 (Janvier 2016), Paris: Unedic.
  31. Busemeyer M., Kemmerling A. (2020). Dualization, stratification, liberalization, or what? An attempt to clarify the conceptual underpinnings of the dualization debate. Political Science Research and Methods, 8(2): 375-379.
  32. Cadoret C., Caussat L. and Robert E. (2018). L’assurance chômage est-elle en voie de l‘universalisation?. Revue Française des Affaires Sociales, 2018/4: 223-226.
  33. Cahuc P., Prost C. (2016). Améliorer l’assurance chômage pour l’imiter l’instabilité de l’emploi. Les notes du Conseil d’Analyse Economique no. 24, September 2015, Paris: Conseil d’Analyse Economique.
  34. Cahuc P., Zylberberg A. (2009). Les reformes ratées du President Sarkozy. Paris: Flammarion.
  35. Caune H., Theodoropoulou S. (2018). French employment market policies: Dualisation and destabilisation. In: Theodoropoulou S., ed., Labour Market Policies in the Era of Pervasive Austerity: A European Perspective. Bristol: Policy Press.
  36. Clegg D. (2012). Solidarity or dualization? Social governance, union preferences, and unemployment benefit adjustment in Belgium and France. In: Emmenegger P., Hausermann S., Palier B. and Seelieb-Kaiser M., eds., The Age of Dualization: The Changing Face of Inequality in Deindustrializing Societies. New York: Oxford University Press.
  37. Clegg D. (2011). France: Integration versus dualization. In: Clasen J., Clegg D., eds., Regulating the Risk of Unemployment in Europe: National Adaptations to Post-Industrial Labour Markets in Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  38. Clegg D. (2007). Continental drift: On unemployment policy change in Bismarckian welfare states. Social Policy & Administration, 41(6): 597-617.
  39. Daniel C., Tuchszirer C. (1999). L’Etat face aux chômeurs: l’indemnisation du chômage de 1884 à nos jours. Paris: Flammarion.
  40. Eichhorst W., Marx P. (2020). ‘How stable is labour market dualism? Reforms of employment protection in nine European countries’. European Journal of Industrial Relations, January. DOI: 10.1177/095968011989919
  41. Eichhorst W., Marx P. (2011). Reforming German labour market institutions: A dual path to flexibility. Journal of European Social Policy, 21(1): 73-87. DOI: 10.1177/095892871038573
  42. Emmenegger P. (2014). The Power to Dismiss: Trade Unions and the Regulation of Job Security in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  43. Emmenegger P., Hausermann S., Palier B. and Seelieb-Kaiser M. (2012). How we grow unequal. In: Emmenegger P., Hausermann S., Palier B. and Seelieb-Kaiser M., eds., The Age of Dualization: The Changing Face of Inequality in Deindustrializing Societies. New York: Oxford University Press.
  44. Eurofound (2020). New Forms of Employment: 2020 Update. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  45. Eurofound (2017). France: Government unveils plans to reform labour laws, text available at the -- website www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/article/2017/ france-government-unveils-plans-to-reform-labour-laws#:~:text=During%20his%202017%20election%20campaign%2C%20President%20Emmanuel%20Macron,that%20are%20normally%20the%20preserve%20of%20statute%20law%E2%80%99 (consulted 29th December 2020).
  46. Favennec-Héry F. (2013). Temps partiel: travail choisi ou travail forcé?. Droit Social, 10: 785-790.

  • A more liberal France, a more social Europe? Macron, two-level reformism and the COVID-19 crisis Daniel Clegg, in Comparative European Politics /2022 pp.184
    DOI: 10.1057/s41295-022-00279-4
  • Unemployment benefit governance, trade unions and outsider protection in conservative welfare states Daniel Clegg, Elke Heins, Philip Rathgeb, in Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research /2022 pp.195
    DOI: 10.1177/10242589221094240
  • Dualisation and part-time work in France, Germany and the UK: Accounting for within and between country differences in precarious work Jill Rubery, Damian Grimshaw, Philippe Méhaut, Claudia Weinkopf, in European Journal of Industrial Relations /2022 pp.095968012211204
    DOI: 10.1177/09596801221120468

Daniel Clegg, Less Dualisation, More Segmentation: France’s Labour Market Model in the Early 21st Century in "SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO " 159/2021, pp 50-70, DOI: 10.3280/SL2021-159003